Dynamique des corps lipidiques dans la graine d'Arabidopsis thaliana

Chez les végétaux, les lipides de réserve sont stockés dans des structures subcellulaires, les corps lipidiques (CL). Ces organelles quasi-sphériques sont constituées d'un coeur de triacylglyceérols (TAGs), entourés d'une monocouche de phospholipides (PLs) et sont produites à partir du réticulum endoplasmique avant d'être libérés dans le cytoplasme cellulaire. Les oléosines, dont il existe 5 isoformes graine spécifiques (S1 à S5) chez Arabidopsis thaliana, sont des protéines majeures du CL, insérées à la surface de sa demi-membrane. La dynamique du CL (chargement/déchargement en huile) est complexe et reste largement mal comprise. L'objectif de ce travail est de modéliser la formation et la dynamique des corps lipidiques dans la graine en développement de l'espèce Arabidopsis thaliana, afin de mieux appréhender les mécanismes responsables de la biogenèse et la dynamique des CLs. L utilisation de colorants des lipides neutres constituant les CLs, couplée à la microscopie confocale, a permis l obtention de piles d images de CLs d embryons à différents jours du développement, en contexte sauvage et en contexte déplétif pour une, deux ou trois oléosines (S1, S3 et S4). - Un pipeline de segmentation d'images a tout d abord été développé pour extraire différents estimateurs caractérisant la taille et la dispersion spatiale des corps lipidiques. Les estimateurs ont permis d'analyser l'évolution de la taille et de la dispersion spatiale des corps lipidiques en fonction du temps du développement, et de mettre en évidence la variabilité entre génotypes.- Ces données ont ensuite été analysées et étudiées statistiquement par des approches utilisant des modèles linéaires et des modèle quantile qui ont permis de conclure sur l'effet de chacune des oléosines étudiées, ainsi que celui de leurs interactions, sur la distribution des corps lipidiques.- Enfin, un modèle décrivant la dynamique de coalescence de la population des corps lipidiques a été proposé, simulé numériquement, puis comparé aux données expérimentales. Ce modèle a permis de tester différentes hypothèses de la dynamique de biogenèse et de croissance par coalescence du corps lipidique formalisées dans le modèle mathématique. Différents effets de la composition du corps lipidique en oléosines sur la vitesse de coalescence des corps lipidiques ont été mis en évidence. Les résultats de ces trois axes ont permis de proposer et discuter des rôles associés à chacune oléosine dans une perspective de compréhension des mécanismes mis en œuvre dans la dynamique du corps lipidique.In plants, lipid reserves are stored in subcellular structures called lipid bodies (LB). These virtually spherical organelles consist of a core of triacylglycerols (TAG), surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids (PLs), are produced from the endoplasmic reticulum and then released into the cell cytoplasm. Oleosins, composed of five seed-specific isoforms (S1 to S5) in Arabidopsis thaliana, are major proteins of the LB, inserted on the surface of the half-membrane. The dynamics of LB (charging / uncharging oil) is complex and remains largely misunderstood. The objective of this work is to model the formation and dynamics of lipid bodies in the developing seed of Arabidopsis thaliana, to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the biogenesis and dynamics of LBs. The use of dyes staining neutral lipids constituting the LD, coupled with confocal microscopy, allowed obtaining image stacks of LB from embryos at different days of development, in a wild-type or depleted (mutant) context for one, two or three oleosins (S1, S3 and S4).- An image segmentation pipeline has been first developed, enabling extraction of various estimators for characterizing the size and spatial dispersion of the lipid bodies. Estimators were used to analyse the evolution of the size and spatial dispersion of lipid bodies as a function of stage of development, and to highlight the variability between genotypes.- These data were then processed and statistically analysed by approaches using linear as well as quantile model that concluded on the effect of each of oleosins investigated as well as their interactions on the distribution of lipid bodies.- Last, a model describing the coalescence dynamics of LB populations has been proposed, digitally simulated and compared to experimental data sets. This model was used to test various hypotheses on the dynamics of biogenesis and coalescence-based growth of lipid bodies as formalized according to the mathematical model. Several effects of oleosin composition on LB coalescence rate have been highlighted. The results of these three axes allowed to propose and discuss the roles associated with each oleosin in the broader perspective of understanding the mechanisms involved in the lipid bodies dynamics.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

La caméline, une plante modèle pour la recherche translationnelle

National audienceEn biologie végétale, la recherche translationnelle vise à accélérer la valorisation de découvertes scientifiques réalisées à partir de plantes modèles au bénéfice de plantes d’intérêt agronomique. Dans ce domaine, la caméline est un outil particulièrement efficace : génétiquement proche de l’espèce modèle Arabidopsis thaliana, elle permet d’évaluer simplement de nouveaux caractères associés aux plantes oléoprotéagineuses

Expression variation in connected recombinant populations of Arabidopsis thaliana highlights distinct transcriptome architectures

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Expression traits can vary quantitatively between individuals and have a complex inheritance. Identification of the genetics underlying transcript variation can help in the understanding of phenotypic variation due to genetic factors regulating transcript abundance and shed light into divergence patterns. So far, only a limited number of studies have addressed this subject in Arabidopsis, with contrasting results due to dissimilar statistical power. Here, we present the transcriptome architecture in leaf tissue of two RIL sets obtained from a connected-cross design involving 3 commonly used accessions. We also present the transcriptome architecture observed in developing seeds of a third independent cross.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The utilisation of the novel R/eqtl package (which goal is to automatize and extend functions from the R/qtl package) allowed us to map 4,290 and 6,534 eQTLs in the Cvi-0 × Col-0 and Bur-0 × Col-0 recombinant populations respectively. In agreement with previous studies, we observed a larger phenotypic variance explained by eQTLs in linkage with the controlled gene (potentially <it>cis</it>-acting), compared to distant loci (acting necessarily indirectly or in <it>trans</it>). Distant eQTLs hotspots were essentially not conserved between crosses, but instead, cross-specific. Accounting for confounding factors using a probabilistic approach (VBQTL) increased the mapping resolution and the number of significant associations. Moreover, using local eQTLs obtained from this approach, we detected evidence for a directional allelic effect in genes with related function, where significantly more eQTLs than expected by chance were up-regulated from one of the accessions. Primary experimental data, analysis parameters, eQTL results and visualisation of LOD score curves presented here are stored and accessible through the QTLstore service database <url>http://qtlstore.versailles.inra.fr/</url>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results demonstrate the extensive diversity and moderately conserved eQTL landscape between crosses and validate the utilisation of expression traits to explore for candidates behind phenotypic variation among accessions. Furthermore, this stresses the need for a wider spectrum of diversity to fully understand expression trait variation within a species.</p

NOF1 Encodes an Arabidopsis Protein Involved in the Control of rRNA Expression

The control of ribosomal RNA biogenesis is essential for the regulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the characterization of NOF1 that encodes a putative nucleolar protein involved in the control of rRNA expression in Arabidopsis. The gene has been isolated by T-DNA tagging and its function verified by the characterization of a second allele and genetic complementation of the mutants. The nof1 mutants are affected in female gametogenesis and embryo development. This result is consistent with the detection of NOF1 mRNA in all tissues throughout plant life's cycle, and preferentially in differentiating cells. Interestingly, the closely related proteins from zebra fish and yeast are also necessary for cell division and differentiation. We showed that the nof1-1 mutant displays higher rRNA expression and hypomethylation of rRNA promoter. Taken together, the results presented here demonstrated that NOF1 is an Arabidopsis gene involved in the control of rRNA expression, and suggested that it encodes a putative nucleolar protein, the function of which may be conserved in eukaryotes