BecA-ILRI Hub capacity building program: Empowering African scientists and institutions to solve Africa’s agricultural challenges

<p>Bars show medians, *p<0.05, **p<0.01 Dunn's tests vs. controls. # p<0.05 two-tails, Mann-Whitney -test vs. controls.</p

Sera measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level (in nmol/L) in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy and age- and gender-matched normal controls.

<p>Results are shown as a box-whisker plot, with median and 25th quartile of 25(OH)D. We noted significantly lower level in patients compared to controls (P = 0.0039).</p

Description of socio-demographic and clinical variables between normal controls and patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy.

<p>BMI: Body Mass Index.</p

Serum levels of free (A), total (B) and percentage of immune complexes (C) of IgA autoAbs reactive with hypocretin-1 in subjects with central hypersomnia and controls.

<p>Bars show medians, **p<0.01 Dunn's tests vs. controls. # p<0.05, two-tails, Mann-Whitney-tests vs. controls and #a, p<0.05, one-tail Mann-Whitney test.</p

Serum levels of anti-idiotypic IgM autoAbs reactive with hypocretin-1 IgG autoAbs in subjects with central hypersomnia and controls.

<p>Bars show means, *p<0.05, Tukey's test vs. controls. # p<0.05 and ## p<0.01, Student's t-test, two-tails vs. controls.</p

Western blot detection of a band corresponding to the hypocretin precursor protein (16 KDa) in the rat hypothalamic homogenate.

<p><b>A</b>. Detection using human IgG autoAbs affinity purified for hypocretin-1 peptide from sera of NC patients. <b>B</b>. Detection using commercial rabbit anti-hypocretin-1 antiserum. Columns 1, 2 and 3 correspond to 75, 50 and 25 µg, respectively, of protein amount from the hypothalamic homogenate loaded into the gel. Molecular weight markers (KDa) are shown on the left.</p

Clinical and biological characteristics of patients with central hypersomnia including narcolepsy-cataplexy (NC), narcolepsy without cataplexy (NWC) and idiopathic hypersomnia (HI).

<p>Significant differences,</p><p><b>^a</b>NC vs. NWC,</p><p><b>^b</b>NC vs. HI,</p><p><b>^c</b>NWC vs. HI.</p

Night-time sleep and Multiple Sleep Latency Tests of patients with Parkinson’s Disease with objective sleepiness (Multiple sleep latency tests-MSLT below 8 minutes) compared to patients without (MSLT above 8 minutes).

(1)<p>after adjustment for body mass index;</p>(2)<p>after adjustment for body mass index, stage 3 and REM sleep durations; Continuous variables are expressed by mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median [Min–Max] according to the normality of the distribution.</p><p>Night-time sleep and Multiple Sleep Latency Tests of patients with Parkinson’s Disease with objective sleepiness (Multiple sleep latency tests-MSLT below 8 minutes) compared to patients without (MSLT above 8 minutes).</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease with objective daytime sleepiness (Multiple sleep latency tests-MSLT below 8 minutes) compared to patients with Parkinson’s disease without objective daytime sleepiness (MSLT above 8 minutes).

(1)<p>after adjustment for body mass index; Continuous variables are expressed by mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median [Min–Max] according to the normality of the distribution.</p><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease with objective daytime sleepiness (Multiple sleep latency tests-MSLT below 8 minutes) compared to patients with Parkinson’s disease without objective daytime sleepiness (MSLT above 8 minutes).</p

Night-time sleep and Multiple Sleep Latency Tests measures of patients with Parkinson’s disease with subjective sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS>10) compared to patients without subjective sleepiness (ESS≤10).

(1)<p>after adjustment for body mass index;</p>(2)<p>after adjustment for body mass index, stage 3 and REM sleep durations; continuous variables are expressed by median [Min–Max].</p><p>Night-time sleep and Multiple Sleep Latency Tests measures of patients with Parkinson’s disease with subjective sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS>10) compared to patients without subjective sleepiness (ESS≤10).</p