Histoires familiales, récits de migrations, épreuves citadines : " ressortissants " du Nord malien à Bamako (exploitation du corpus EFG_Ba.1)

Menée en juillet 2008 et juillet-octobre 2009, l'enquête " Ego Fratries Générations " décrit la recomposition des espaces de vie de deux séries de lignées maliennes, en partant des conditions de vie de 30 " vieux " nés dans les années 1940 ou 1930. Dans cette tranche d'âge 60-78 ans, le recul biographique est quasi-complet. De l'histoire individuelle à l'histoire familiale, il offre à l'analyse une double perspective intergénérationnelle : vers les ascendants d'ego, en " amont ", et vers sa descendance, en " aval ". A la faveur de méthodes qualitatives d'approche, l'entretien détaille d'abord les parcours individuels selon une commune grille de questions ouvertes relatives aux mariages, aux lieux de vie, aux étapes de travail et d'insertion urbaine, ainsi qu'aux rapports d'ego avec ses communautés d'origine. Appliqué systématiquement dans l'échantillon, ces cinq modules interrogent ce qui " fait la différence " dans une strate a priori homogène en âge, régions de naissance et destination urbaine. La collecte débouche ensuite sur une seconde grille d'information de trois générations permettant de confronter ego à ses parents et tuteurs, ses " frères et sœurs ", et les enfants qu'il a confiés, éduqués ou hébergés. Ce corpus de proches familiaux ouvre une perspective de modélisation des espaces de vie tracés par les " vieux "

"Quand femme rime avec local" : logique de promotion ou nouveau confinement dans les villes africaines ?

International audienceL’article s’intéresse à la promotion des femmes et du « local » dans les politiques de développement, et au sens politique de ce cadrage. Ces modèles de participation et ces références citoyennes qui se veulent plus justes peuvent pourtant produire de nouvelles injustices spatiales en confinant les femmes à certaines échelles et actions. S’appuyant sur des exemples en Afrique subsaharienne, le propos s’attache en particulier à la logique de « Projets » qui domine désormais l’aménagement des villes et la formulation des normes de gestion urbaine. L’article porte en particulier sur la formulation des politiques et leur interférence avec des trajectoires différenciées de construction des espaces politiques locaux

THE IMPACT OF TAX-BENEFIT SYSTEMS ON LOWINCOME HOUSEHOLDS IN THE BENELUX COUNTRIES. A SIMULATION APPROACH USING SYNTHETIC DATASETS.

Computing the tax-benefit position of similar "typical" households across countries is a method widely used in comparative fiscal- and social policy research. These calculations provide convenient summary pictures of certain aspects of tax-benefit systems. They can, however, be seriously misleading because they reduce very complex systems to single point estimates. Using an integrated European tax-benefit model (EUROMOD), we substitute the typical household by a synthetic dataset, which can be used across countries. By varying certain important household characteristics (notably income), this dataset captures a much larger range of household situations. The calculations performed on this range of households not only show the tax-benefit position of many individual households but also demonstrate which household characteristics determine taxes and benefits in each country. Hypothetical calculations such as those presented here do not exploit the ability of EUROMOD to determine the impact of social and fiscal policies on actual populations. Nevertheless, they can be a valuable contribution to understanding tax-benefit systems since they allow us to separate the effects of tax-benefit rules from those of the population structure. We compute and compare disposable incomes for a large range of pre-tax-and-benefit income (so called budget constraints) of households in the Benelux countries. Disposable incomes are then decomposed to separately show the effects of each simulated tax and transfer payment. Based on these results, we illustrate the performance of the three tax-benefit systems in terms of ensuring a minimum level of household income.Microsimulation; European Union; Benelux; Average Production Worker; Poverty

Three scientific legacies and one new research perspective

I would like to thank the editorial team of EchoGéo, as well as the editors of this comprehensive issue on urban resources, for granting me a few pages for this conclusion. Adding to the ten contributions presented in this double issue was an exciting opportunity. It would however have been difficult to add more arguments to the general introduction, or to supplement articles that retrace a deep reflexive path: this issue draws from the very core of a coherent and expansive field of research ..

Carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars: the most pristine objects?

Carbon-enhanced metal poor stars (CEMP) form a significant proportion of the metal-poor stars, their origin is not well understood. Three very metal-poor C-rich turnoff stars were selected from the SDSS survey, observed with the ESO VLT (UVES) to precisely determine the element abundances. In turnoff stars (unlike giants) the carbon abundance has not been affected by mixing with deep layers and is therefore easier to interpret. The analysis was performed with 1D LTE static model atmospheres. When available, non-LTE corrections were applied to the classical LTE abundances. The 3D effects on the CH and CN molecular bands were computed using hydrodynamical simulations of the stellar atmosphere (CO5BOLD) and are found to be very important. To facilitate a comparison with previous results, only 1D abundances are used in the discussion. The abundances (or upper limits) of the elements enable us to place these stars in different CEMP classes. The carbon abundances confirm the existence of a plateau at A(C)= 8.25 for [Fe/H] \geq -3.4. The most metal-poor stars ([Fe/H] < -3.4) have significantly lower carbon abundances, suggesting a lower plateau at A(C) \approx 6.5. Detailed analyses of a larger sample of very low metallicity carbon-rich stars are required to confirm (or refute) this possible second plateau and specify the behavior of the CEMP stars at very low metallicity