Effects of glucose and fatty acids interactions on glucose metabolism pathways in human trophoblasts

Introduction: Obesity, with its associated co-morbidities of diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and low-grade inflammation, has high prevalence in women of child-bearing age. Of further concern, it is associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Considering the key role of the placenta in fetal development, alterations to its structure and function in response to the adverse metabolic milieu of maternal obesity must be important. The trophoblast is a key cell within the placental maternal-fetal barrier. The research aims were to evaluate the effects of elevated glucose supply, in the absence and presence of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), on pathways of glucose metabolism and trophoblast morphology in human trophoblasts in primary culture. Methods: Trophoblasts were established in primary culture from human term placentas of normal pregnancies. The isolation protocol was optimised to improve trophoblast yield and purity. Experiments were performed at both 36 h (short-term) and 5 days (long-term) after trophoblast isolation, when most cells were, respectively, cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotropblasts. Syncytialisation was promoted by adding epidermal growth factor (EGF; 10 ng/ml) to the media. Metabolism experiments were performed over 2 h at diverse glucose concentrations in the absence or presence of NEFA (0.25 mM, palmitate: oleate ratio; 1:1). Pathways of glucose uptake, glycolysis, glucose oxidation, total and partial palmitate oxidation and glycogen synthesis were assessed using radio-labelled tracers. Lactate production and glycogen content were measured enzymatically. The effects of EGF and NEFA on trophoblast morphology, lipid droplet formation and triacylglycerol (TG) content were also assessed. Results: The improved protocol increased the mean (± SD) trophoblast yield to 266 ± 141 x 10⁶ cells, and purity to 98%. In short-term cultures, rates of trophoblast glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis increased linearly with increasing glucose concentrations; whereas, rates of glycolysis, lactate release and glucose oxidation did not increase with glucose concentrations above 5 mM. NEFA enhanced glycogen synthesis, but did not affect other glucose metabolism pathways. Total trophoblast glycogen content increased minimally with increasing glucose supply, which was not altered by NEFA. In long-term compared to short-term culture experiments, glycogen synthesis was lower and the trophoblasts were able to increase glycolysis and glucose oxidation rates with media glucose concentrations above 5 mM. NEFA increased glucose oxidation at the media glucose concentration of 1 mM. Palmitate complete oxidation to CO₂ and partial oxidation to acid soluble products were significant metabolic pathways in both the short and long-term cultured cells. EGF promoted syncytialisation with a lesser effect of NEFA. Neither EGF nor NEFA affected trophoblast lipid droplet or TG accumulation. Conclusion: During acute exposure to high glucose media, human trophoblasts divert glucose uptake to glycogen synthesis rather than glycolysis and glucose oxidation. This diversion, however, is less evident in more differentiated trophoblasts. NEFA have minimal effects on glucose metabolism pathways, but are a significant source of cellular metabolic energy via oxidation to CO₂, but also by partial oxidation to acid soluble products (e.g. ketone bodies, short-chain fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates). Further analysis of these pathways, particularly in placentas of obese women, are warranted

Estabelecimento de uma tabela normativa para a classificação do percentual de gordura corporal em adolescentes

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity in adolescents has increased worldwide, which is closely related to comorbidities in adulthood. Despite the severity of this pathology and its significant impacts on the health system, there is no international consensus on the cut-off point for the percentage of body fat for Brazilian children and adolescents, making it difficult to make an accurate and early diagnosis addition to assertive treatment. Objective: This study aimed to establish cut-off points for body fat percentage in male and female adolescents aged 16 to 19 years using bioelectrical impedance (InBody 570®). Methods: Gender-specific tables were proposed based on the percentiles 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, 85, 95, and 97. A total of 546 adolescents were included. Results: The body fat percentage cut-off points for the male group were: P3 = 6.0-7.0%; P5 = 7.1-8.9%; P10 = 9.0-9.8%; P15 = 9.9-11.7%; P25 = 11.8-15.5%; P50 = 15.6-21.9%; P75 = 22.0-27.8%; P85 = 27.9-36.0%; P95 = 36.1-38.0% and P97 ≥ 38.1%. For females, the cut-off points were: P3 = 9.5-10.0%; P5 = 10.1-11.0%; P10 = 11.1-11.8%; P15 = 11.9-14.0%; P25 = 14.1-19.0%; P50 = 19.1-27.1%; P75 = 27.2-29.0%; P85 = 29.1-39.9%; P95 = 40.0-51.0% and P97 ≥ 51.0%. Conclusion: The establishment of cut-off points for body fat percentage may improve the clinical assessment and management of overweight and obese adolescents.Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda o uso do índice de massa corporal (IMC) como método custo-efetivo nível 1 para avaliar o estado nutricional na população. O aumento do IMC está associado a um maior risco de outras doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), particularmente a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), dislipidemias e alguns tipos de cânceres. A prevalência da obesidade tem aumentado em todo o mundo e essa condição tem afetado dramaticamente crianças e adolescentes. A obesidade em jovens, por sua vez, aumenta as chances de obesidade grave e suas complicações em adultos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer pontos de corte para o percentual de gordura corporal em adolescentes do sexo masculino e feminino de 16 a 18 anos, utilizando a bioimpedância elétrica (InBody 570®). Método: Tabelas específicas para o sexo masculino e feminino foram propostas, com base nos percentis 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, 85, 95 e 97. Foram incluídos 546 adolescentes. Resultados: Os pontos de corte do percentual de gordura corporal para o grupo masculino foram: P3 = 6,0-7,0%; P5 = 7,1-8,9%; P10 = 9,0-9,8%; P15 = 9,9-11,7%; P25 = 11,8-15,5%; P50 = 15,6-21,9%; P75 = 22,0-27,8%; P85 = 27,9-36,0%; P95 = 36,1-38,0% and P97 ≥ 38,1%. Para as mulheres, os pontos de corte foram: P3 = 9,5-10,0%; P5 = 10,1-11,0%; P10 = 11,1-11,8%; P15 = 11,9-14,0%; P25 = 14,1-19,0%; P50 = 19,1-27,1%; P75 = 27,2-29,0%; P85 = 29,1-39,9%; P95 = 40,0-51,0% e P97 ≥ 51,0%. Conclusão: O estabelecimento de pontos de corte para percentual de gordura corporal pode propiciar parâmetros para a melhoria da avaliação clínica, bem como para o tratamento da obesidade em adolescentes

Densidade mineral óssea e níveis séricos de 250H vitamina D em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica sem uso de corticóide sistêmico /

Orientador: César Luiz BoguszewskiCo-orientadora: Victória Zeghbi Cochenski BorbaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Interna. Defesa: Curitiba, 2007Inclui bibliografia e anexo

Extraprensa. Cultura e comunicação na América Latina (Edição Especial sep 2019)

A revista Extraprensa é um periódico destinado à publicação da produção científica nas áreas da cultura e da comunicação no Brasil e América Latina, abrangendo temas como a diversidade cultural, cidadania, expressões das culturas populares, artes, mídias alternativas, epistemologia e metodologia em cultura e comunicação