Low autonomic arousal as a risk factor for reoffending : A population-based study

Background Low resting heart rate (RHR) and low systolic blood pressure (SBP) are associated with criminal behavior. However, knowledge is lacking about their predictive value for reoffending. Aim We aimed to examine associations of RHR and SBP with reoffending in a large population-based sample. Methods We conducted a cohort study of all convicted male conscripts born in Sweden 1958-1990 (N = 407,533). We obtained data by linking Swedish population-based registers. Predictor variables were RHR and SBP, measured at conscription which was mandatory until 2010 for men at age 18. The outcome variable was reoffending, defined as criminal convictions (any crime, violent crime and non-violent crime), obtained from the National Crime Register. We used survival analyses to test for associations of RHR and SBP with reoffending, adjusting for pertinent covariates such as socioeconomic status, height, weight and physical energy capacity. Results In fully adjusted Cox regression models, men with lower RHR (= 82 bpm). Men with lower SBP (= 138 mmHg). Conclusions Low autonomic arousal is associated with increased risk of reoffending. RHR and SBP should be investigated further as potential predictors for reoffending as they each may have predictive value in risk assessment protocols.Peer reviewe

The Effects of Reactive Aggression and Proactive Aggression on Heart Rate Reactivity to an Anger Induction

Aggression has been consistently divided up into two types: reactive aggression (RA) and proactive aggression (PA). While reactive aggressors are impulsive and retaliate violently when provoked, proactive aggressors are goal-oriented and have psychopathic tendencies. Although biological markers like a low resting heart rate (HR) reliably characterize aggressive populations, there is a significant gap in the psychology literature examining the physiological effects of RA and PA to anger inducing stimuli. The current study investigated the effects of RA and PA on heart rate reactivity (HRR) in response to an anger induction paradigm. Male participants (N = 21) completed an anger induction while their HR was continuously recorded using electrocardiogram (ECG). Participants also completed a portion of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before and after the induction. To control for potential confounds, participants also completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), demographic and lifestyle questionnaires after the anger induction. I hypothesized that males prone to higher levels of RA would have higher resting HR’s, more HRR to the anger induction, as well as a higher change in self-reported anger compared to males prone to higher levels of PA. Contrary to hypotheses, neither RA nor PA predicted baseline HR or HRR to the anger induction. However, both HR and negative affect increased after the anger induction, supporting the method as a way to induce both psychological and physiological aspects of emotion