Una revisión de Evolution of Learning and Memory Mechanisms (1a Ed)

Editors: Mark A. Krause, Karen L. Hollis, & Mauricio R. Papini Publisher: Cambridge University Press Place of publication: Cambridge, UK Year: 2022 Online ISBN: 9781108768450 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108768450 Publisher details: Dr. Mark A. Krause is Professor of Psychology at Southern Oregon University. He has studied various psychological processes of learning in multiple animals, including birds, chimpanzees, and snakes. He worked as an associate editor at the Journal of Animal Behavior and Cognition. Dr. Karen. L. Hollis is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Mount Holyoke College. She stands out for her studies in multiple species integrating animal learning under an evolutionary perspective. She has worked as an editor for Animal Learning & Behavior, Journal of Comparative Psychology, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review and Behavioral Processes. Dr. Mauricio R. Papini is Professor of Psychology at Texas Christian University. He works on the comparative study of the associative and emotional modulation of behavior in different vertebrates. He is also an editor at the International Journal of Comparative Psychology.Editores: Mark A. Krause, Karen L. Hollis, & Mauricio R. Papini Editorial: Cambridge University Press Lugar de edición: Cambridge, Reino Unido Año: 2022 Online ISBN: 9781108768450 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108768450 Datos de los editores: Dr. Mark A. Krause es profesor de Psicología en Southern Oregon University. Él ha estudiado diversos procesos psicológicos del aprendizaje en múltiples animales, incluyendo aves, chimpancés y serpientes. Trabajó como editor asociado en Journal of Animal Behavior and Cognition. Dra. Karen. L. Hollis es profesora emérita de Psicología en Mount Holyoke College. Destacada por sus estudios en múltiples especies integrando el aprendizaje animal bajo una perspectiva evolutiva. Trabajó como editora en las revistas Animal Learning & Behavior, Journal of Comparative Psychology, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review and Behavioral Processes. Dr. Mauricio R. Papini es profesor de Psicología en Texas Christian University. Trabaja en el estudio comparado de la modulación asociativa y emocional de la conducta en distintos vertebrados. También es editor en la revista International Journal of Comparative Psychology

Effect of the organic loading rate on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in a multi-stage process aimed at the valorization of olive oil mill wastewater

Mixed microbial culture polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production has been investigated by using olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) as no-cost feedstock in a multi-stage process, also involving phenols removal and recovery. The selection of PHA-storing microorganisms occurred in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), fed with dephenolized and fermented OMW and operated at different organic loading rates (OLR), ranging from 2.40 to 8.40gCOD/Ld. The optimal operating condition was observed at an OLR of 4.70gCOD/Ld, which showed the highest values of storage rate and yield (339±48mgCOD/gCODh and 0.56±0.05 COD/COD, respectively). The OLR applied to the SBR largely affected the performance of the PHA-accumulating reactor, which was fed through multiple pulsed additions of pretreated OMW. From an overall mass balance, involving all the stages of the process, an abatement of about 85% of the OMW initial COD (chemical oxygen demand) was estimated whereas the conversion of the influent COD into PHA was about 10% (or 22% by taking into account only the COD contained in the pretreated OMW, which is directly fed to the PHA production stages). Overall, polymer volumetric productivity (calculated from the combination of both the SBR and the accumulation reactor) accounted for 1.50gPHA/Ld. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

The axonal endoplasmic reticulum: one organelle many functions in development, maintenance, and plasticity

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is highly conserved in eukaryotes and neurons. Indeed, the localization of the organelle in axons has been known for nearly half a century. However, the relevance of the axonal ER is only beginning to emerge. In this review, we discuss the structure of the ER in axons, examining the role of ER-shaping proteins and highlighting reticulons. We analyze the multiple functions of the ER and their potential contribution to axonal physiology. First, we examine the emerging roles of the axonal ER in lipid synthesis, protein translation, processing, quality control, and secretory trafficking of transmembrane proteins. We also review the impact of the ER on calcium dynamics, focusing on intracellular mechanisms and functions. We describe the interactions between the ER and endosomes, mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles. Finally, we analyze available proteomic data of axonal preparations to reveal the dynamic functionality of the ER in axons during development. We suggest that the dynamic proteome and a validated axonal interactome, together with state-of-the-art methodologies, may provide interesting research avenues in axon physiology that may extend to pathology and regeneration.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (FONDECYT) 1170307 3170887 3160725 Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio (ICM) P09-015-

Olive oil mill wastewater as renewable source in a multi-stage process from phenol recovery to polyhydroxyalkanoates production

Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) valorization through polyphenols recovery and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production by mixed microbial cultures was investigated at lab-scale. The 1st step consisted of a solid phase extraction for recovering phenolic compounds, whose antioxidant features can be exploited for several industrial applications. The yield of phenol recovery was about 1.6 g/L (around 60.5% of the initial content). Subsequently, an acidogenic fermentation step was performed in packed bed biofilm reactor at high organic loading rate (OLR about 8 gCOD/L d), in order to convert the OMW organic matter into volatile fatty acids (up to around 16 gCOD/L), the most direct substrate for the aerobic bacteria responsible for PHA production. The PHA production steps involved a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for selection and enrichment of PHA-storing microorganisms under feast and famine (F/F) regime and a batch reactor for PHA accumulation. The SBR was inoculated with an activated sludge and operated with fermented OMW (plus dilution water and additional N supply), at OLRs ranging from 2.37 to 8.42 gCOD/L d. The OLR variation strongly affected the ratio between the length of the feast and famine phase. The best performance was obtained at OLR 4.74 gCOD/L d with the lowest F/F ratio (0.10) and a storage rate of 448 mg CODPHA /gCOD h. At all investigated OLRs the intracellular polymer content in the biomass was increased in the accumulation reactor operated with undiluted OMW (with no further supply of N to that contained in the OMW) and pulse feeding strategy. Finally, the produced PHA was recovered through centrifugation followed by a chemical digestion with sodium hypochlorite and the recovered PHA was lyophilized to obtain a dry powder. Under the optimal conditions, around 66% of the produced polymer was recovered at a purity of around 72%

Dlg Is Required for Short-Term Memory and Interacts with NMDAR in the Drosophila Brain

The vertebrates’ scaffold proteins of the Dlg-MAGUK family are involved in the recruitment, clustering, and anchoring of glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic density, particularly the NMDA subtype glutamate-receptors (NRs), necessary for long-term memory and LTP. In Drosophila, the only gene of the subfamily generates two main products, dlgA, broadly expressed, and dlgS97, restricted to the nervous system. In the Drosophila brain, NRs are expressed in the adult brain and are involved in memory, however, the role of Dlg in these processes and its relationship with NRs has been scarcely explored. Here, we show that the dlg mutants display defects in short-term memory in the olfactory associative-learning paradigm. These defects are dependent on the presence of DlgS97 in the Mushroom Body (MB) synapses. Moreover, Dlg is immunoprecipitated with NRs in the adult brain. Dlg is also expressed in the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) pre and post-synaptically and is important for development and synaptic function, however, NR is absent in this synapse. Despite that, we found changes in the short-term plasticity paradigms in dlg mutant larval NMJ. Together our results show that larval NMJ and the adult brain relies on Dlg for short-term memory/plasticity, but the mechanisms differ in the two types of synapses

Drosophila Atlastin regulates synaptic vesicle mobilization independent of bone morphogenetic protein signaling

Abstract Background The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts endosomes in all parts of a motor neuron, including the axon and presynaptic terminal, to move structural proteins, proteins that send signals, and lipids over long distances. Atlastin (Atl), a large GTPase, is required for membrane fusion and the structural dynamics of the ER tubules. Atl mutations are the second most common cause of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), which causes spasticity in both sexes’ lower extremities. Through an unknown mechanism, Atl mutations stimulate the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) pathway in vertebrates and Drosophila. Synaptic defects are caused by atl mutations, which affect the abundance and distribution of synaptic vesicles (SV) in the bouton. We hypothesize that BMP signaling, does not cause Atl-dependent SV abnormalities in Drosophila. Results We show that atl knockdown in motor neurons (Atl-KD) increases synaptic and satellite boutons in the same way that constitutively activating the BMP-receptor Tkv (thick veins) (Tkv-CA) increases the bouton number. The SV proteins Cysteine string protein (CSP) and glutamate vesicular transporter are reduced in Atl-KD and Tkv-CA larvae. Reducing the activity of the BMP receptor Wishful thinking (wit) can rescue both phenotypes. Unlike Tkv-CA larvae, Atl-KD larvae display altered activity-dependent distributions of CSP staining. Furthermore, Atl-KD larvae display an increased FM 1–43 unload than Control and Tkv-CA larvae. As decreasing wit function does not reduce the phenotype, our hypothesis that BMP signaling is not involved is supported. We also found that Rab11/CSP colocalization increased in Atl-KD larvae, which supports the concept that late recycling endosomes regulate SV movements. Conclusions Our findings reveal that Atl modulates neurotransmitter release in motor neurons via SV distribution independently of BMP signaling, which could explain the observed SV accumulation and synaptic dysfunction. Our data suggest that Atl is involved in membrane traffic as well as formation and/or recycling of the late endosome

Exploring the Associative Determinants of Tolerance to the Effects of Cannabis on Locomotion

Experimental evaluation of cannabis tolerance has to date lacked an associative approximation, focusing primarily on physiological variables. The present study assessed acute effects, chronic tolerance, and contextual specificity, exploring a potential associative component underlying cannabis tolerance. Sixteen adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were assigned to two groups, one receiving vaporized administrations of cannabis and the other receiving the vehicle substance, in two different (counterbalanced) contexts. An initial measurement was performed to assess acute effects, followed by four measurements to evaluate the development of chronic tolerance, and a final measurement to test the context specificity of tolerance, comparing the responses to the usual administration context and a novel context. Ten behaviors were analyzed in an open field. Acute effects were observed in seven indicators, corresponding to greater locomotor activity in the group that received the drug compared to the control group. In five of these, the data also showed the development of chronic tolerance to the effects of cannabis on locomotion, which was indicated by a progressive decrease in locomotor activity in the drug group. However, no evidence of context specificity was found in any of the variables in which chronic tolerance was observed. We discuss factors that may be related to the lack of contextual specificity of cannabis tolerance. Together, our findings show that a single administration of cannabis induces acute effects, and its consecutive consumption develops chronic tolerance to these effects, reaching a hypolocomotor state