The Caribbean court of justice: one court with two jurisdictions: a unique judicial institution?

The purpose of this paper is, after briefly presenting why, when and how the Caribbean Court of Justice was created, to specifically show how unique the institution is, by examining its distinctive characteristics. Exercising both an appellate and an original jurisdiction, the institution functions as a domestic final Court of appeal shared by several sovereign States (appellate jurisdiction) and an international tribunal designed to settle disputes between the same sovereign States and, more generally, disputes related to the Caribbean Community (original jurisdiction). There is no equivalent institution in the world, which renders the study of the Caribbean Court of Justice particularly interesting from an international legal point of view and explains why “unique” is the adjective often used to describe the court

Business Strategy as Human Rights Risk: the Case of Private Equity

In this article, we apply the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to the private equity (PE) business model. PE firms often adopt a controversial, ‘value extractive’, business model based on high debt and extreme cost-cutting to generate investor returns. PE firms own large numbers of companies, including in many rights-related sectors. The model is linked to increased human rights risks to workers, housing tenants, and in privatized health and social care. We map these risks and analyse the human rights responsibilities of PE firms. Our analysis has major implications for understandings of human rights responsibility. We argue that value extractive methods are the root cause of eventual harm to human rights, even though they may not harm rights directly. To respect human rights, PE firms must mitigate the risks of these value extractive methods. We define how human rights due diligence (HRDD) could achieve this and argue that given the extent of harm and the lack of a business case for adopting such a view of human rights responsibility, business strategy level HRDD should be a core component of forthcoming HRDD laws

The role of the European Union in the Human Rights Council

The European Union has and continues to place human rights and democracy at the heart of its external relations, namely through its activities in the UN human rights system. With the ongoing criticism about the inadequacies of the UN Commission on Human Rights Kofi Annan recommended that this ailing body be replaced with a new and more effective Human Rights Council. In light of the European Union’s desire to further human rights and democracy across the globe it rapidly got involved in playing an active and visible role in the overarching UN human rights reform process. Negotiations for establishing the Human Rights Council in addition to the deliberations of the mandated working groups outlining the details and modalities of the Council involved making difficult and demanding decisions. The different opinions and positions not only led to a delayed inception but also generated concerns that the new Council would not be any more efficient or credible than its predecessor. Many have claimed that its first operational year has produced disappointing results by not taking more concrete action regarding countries facing dire human rights crises such as Zimbabwe. In contrast, others argue that in its first year the Council did achieve a number of successes including the modalities of the Universal Periodic Review process, the review of UN Special Procedures, the adoption of the codes of conduct for mandate holders in addition to the adoption of a number of resolutions of great importance in the Council’s plenary. The European Union actively participated in each phase and in all areas of the Human Rights Council from the setting up process to engaging in the sometimes arduous negotiations of both procedural and substantive matters. While it has indeed been successful in the workings of some areas the EU’s shortcomings have recently overshadowed its achievements. The following study explores the role of the EU in the Human Rights Council from the setting-up process to its contributions in the review of the UN Special Procedures, the UPR process and the plenary sessions since the Council’s inception. Following the highlighting of both the EU’s achievements and shortcomings the study concludes with five core recommendations that have the potential to help rectify the challenges currently faced by the European Union in the Human Rights Council

Efficiency of distributed application of nitrogen on onion (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.) cultivated as an annual crop

Relevance. Onions in Russia in 2021: Cultivation area – 56.3 thousand hectares; Productivity – 28.6 t/ha; Production – 1608.6 thousand tons; Import from the volume of consumption – 10.7%. Modern varieties and hybrids and plant protection products make it possible to obtain high yields in the conditions of the Non-chernozem zone. The aim of the research is to optimize the parameters and terms of technological operations for the cultivation of onion in an annual crop on alluvial meadow soils of the Non-Chernozem Zone.Materials and methods. The nutrition system of onion plants was tested through distributed nitrogen application during the growing season: Option 1 – (N160P160K160) presowing – (Ca40N10 + K40N20 + K40N20) during the growing season; Option 2 – (N110P110K110) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) during the growing season. Experience in the use of the microbiological preparation Bisolbi-Plant (Bacillus pumilis) BIS88 together with the 1% humic preparation "Rostok" at a rate of one liter per hectare each to stimulate active growth.Results. At the end of the growing season in the second variant of the nitrogen experiment, the growing season was extended by 7-10 days. The excess yield under the second option for 2021-22 years of research amounted to more than 20.0 t/ha and is significant. The difference in the options for applying the Bisolbi-Plant preparation in 2.8 t/ha with HCP05 – 8.2 t/ha was not significant. The advantage of the variant with the biological preparation is higher plant density by 71.0 thousand units/ha and the absence of signs of bacteriosis. Thus, the distributed application of nitrogen (N110P110K110) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) during the growing season with irrigation water was significantly more effective than (N160P160K160) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N20 + K40N20) during the growing season. There was a tendency to increase the yield and quality of products with the double application of Bisolbi-Plant (BIS88) at a rate of (1.0 + 1.0) l/ha

Эффективность гербицидов на посевах лука репчатого (Allium cеpaL.)

Relevance. Onions are a traditional vegetable crop that is in demand all year round. To obtain high and stable yields, it is necessary to renew the assortment of herbicides in the fight against weeds, to use compositions of preparations of different spectrum of action, toxic to the most harmful weeds and giving the maximum herbicidal effect with minimal labor and financial resources.Results. The article presents the results of tests of new herbicides Bandura and Boxer, unregistered in the Russian Federation on onions, at optimal rates, which showed high selectivity to the crop, but were inferior in efficiency to the Stomp Professional standard. The tank mixtures of Bandura and Stomp Professional with Dual Gold were more effective, exceeding the level of efficiency of the standard. Due to the action of the mixture Stomp Professional + Dual Gold (2 + 1 L / ha), the weediness of onion crops decreased by 78-89% (by quantity) and by 87 - 95% (by weight), which contributed to a significant increase in the yield of bulbs by 12.2% in comparison with control. The efficiency of Goal 2E 0.5 L/ha (42%) in the phase of 2 leaves of onion was insignificant due to the overgrowth of most annual dicotyledonous weeds by the time of treatment (3-10 leaves). The herbicide completely eliminated weeds at an early stage (up to 5 leaves), as well as older white and smoky grass. The remaining weeds experienced oppression in the form of suspension of growth, twisting and necrosis of leaves. Goal 2 E must be included in the system of protective measures against the background of pre-emergence herbicide treatment to suppress annual dicotyledonous weeds, poorly controlled by soil herbicides.Лук – традиционная овощная культура, пользующаяся круглогодичным спросом. Для получения высоких и стабильных урожаев необходимо в борьбе с сорняками обновлять сортимент гербицидов, использовать композиции из препаратов разного спектра действия, токсичных для наиболее вредоносных сорняков и дающих максимальный гербицидный эффект при минимальных затратах труда и финансовых средств. В статье представлены результаты испытаний новых незарегистрированных в Российской Федерации на луке гербицидов Бандура, КС и Боксера, КЭ в оптимальных нормах, показавших высокую избирательность к культуре, но по эффективности уступали эталону Стомп Профессионал. Более эффективными были баковые смеси Бандура, КС и Стомп Профессионала, МКС с Дуалом Голд, КЭ превышающими уровень эффективности эталона. От действия смеси Стомп Профессионал, МКС + Дуал Голд, КЭ (2 + 1 л/га) засоренность посевов лука снижалась на 78–89% (по количеству) и на 87–95% (по массе), что способствовало достоверному повышению урожайности луковиц на 12,2% в сравнении с контролем. Эффективность Гоал 2Е, КЭ 0,5 л/га (42%) в фазу 2-х листьев лука была незначительной вследствие перерастания большинства однолетних двудольных сорняков к моменту обработки (3-10 листьев). Гербицид полностью уничтожал сорняки в ранней стадии ( до 5 листьев), а также более возрастные марь белую и дымянку лекарственную. Оставшиеся сорняки испытывали угнетение в виде приостановления роста, скручивания и некроза листьев. Препарат Гоал 2Е, КЭ необходимо включать в систему защитных мероприятий на фоне предвсходовой обработки гербицидами для подавления однолетних двудольных сорняков, слабо контролируемых почвенными гербицидами

The biomechanics pattern and foot ulcers management in diabetic foot

Clinica de Chirurgie a FECMF, USMF ”Nicolae Testemiţanu”, Salon ”Osteomed”, Chişinău, Republica Moldova, Al XII-lea Congres al Asociației Chirurgilor „Nicolae Anestiadi” din Republica Moldova cu participare internațională 23-25 septembrie 2015Introducere: Se estimează că până în 2035 prevalenţa globală a diabetului zaharat se va ridica la aproape 600 de milioane. Cea mai răspândită problemă sunt ulcerele plantare, cu o incidenţă anuală de aproximativ 2-4% în ţările dezvoltate şi chiar mai mare în ţările în curs de dezvoltare. Scopul lucrării: Aprecierea relaţiei biomecanicii şi caracteristicilor ulcerelor plantare în forma neuropatică a piciorului diabetic, în dependenţă de profunzime şi localizare. Material şi metode: Studiul este prospectiv, în derulare din 2013. Au fost trataţi 27 pacienți, care au fost repartizaţi în 2 grupuri după profunzimea ulcerului: I – ulcer superficial (0,2-0,4 cm), 21 (77,8%) pacienţi; II – ulcer profund (0,5-0,7 cm), 16 (22,8%) pacienţi. Vârsta medie – 56,8 ani. Pentru aprecierea zonelor critice s-a efectuat radiografia plantară în 3 proiecţii şi baropodometria. Tratament aplicat: în grupul I – prelucrarea chirurgicală a ulcerului + ortezarea cu susținători plantari adaptativi. Grupul II – rezecţia capului distal al osului metatarsian + ortezarea cu susținători plantari adaptativi. Rezultate: În grupul I rata de succes a fost 85,7%, iar în 4 (14,3%) cazuri ulcerele au recidivat. În grupul II s-a înregistrat o rată de succes de 83,3% (5 pacienţi), iar la 1 (16,7) pacient ulcerul a recidivat. Concluzii: Aplicarea metodei de baropodometrie pentru determinarea zonelor critice a ulcerelor trofice plantare în piciorul diabetic permite alegerea corecta a tacticii de tratament.Introduction: It is estimated that by 2035 the global prevalence of diabetes will rise to nearly 600 million. The most common problem is foot ulcers with an annual incidence of about 2-4% in developed countries and even higher in developing countries. Aim: Assessment of the relationship between biomechanics and features of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers depending on depth and location. Material and methods: The study is prospective, ongoing since 2013. There were treated 27 patients, who were divided into two groups after ulcer depth: 1st group – superficial ulcers (0.2-0.4 cm), 21 (77.8%) patients; 2nd group – deep ulcers (0.5-0.7 cm), 16 (22.8%) patients. Average age – 56.8 years. To assess the critical zones were performed three projections plantar radiography and baropodometry. Treatment: 1st group – foot ulcer surgical care + orthotics with adaptive supporters. 2nd group – distal metatarsal head resection + orthotics with adaptive supporters. Results: In 1st group the success rate was 85.7% (18 patients), and in 14.3% (4 patients) – the ulcers relapsed. In 2nd group – there was a success rate of 83.3% (5 patients) and in 16.7% (1patient) – ulcer relapsed. Conclusions: Application of baropodometry method for determining critical areas of trophic diabetic foot ulcers allows the correct choice of treatment strategy

Эффективность распределённого внесения азота на луке репчатом (Allium cepa L.) в однолетней культуре

Relevance. Onions in Russia in 2021: Cultivation area – 56.3 thousand hectares; Productivity – 28.6 t/ha; Production – 1608.6 thousand tons; Import from the volume of consumption – 10.7%. Modern varieties and hybrids and plant protection products make it possible to obtain high yields in the conditions of the Non-chernozem zone. The aim of the research is to optimize the parameters and terms of technological operations for the cultivation of onion in an annual crop on alluvial meadow soils of the Non-Chernozem Zone.Materials and methods. The nutrition system of onion plants was tested through distributed nitrogen application during the growing season: Option 1 – (N160P160K160) presowing – (Ca40N10 + K40N20 + K40N20) during the growing season; Option 2 – (N110P110K110) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) during the growing season. Experience in the use of the microbiological preparation Bisolbi-Plant (Bacillus pumilis) BIS88 together with the 1% humic preparation "Rostok" at a rate of one liter per hectare each to stimulate active growth.Results. At the end of the growing season in the second variant of the nitrogen experiment, the growing season was extended by 7-10 days. The excess yield under the second option for 2021-22 years of research amounted to more than 20.0 t/ha and is significant. The difference in the options for applying the Bisolbi-Plant preparation in 2.8 t/ha with HCP05 – 8.2 t/ha was not significant. The advantage of the variant with the biological preparation is higher plant density by 71.0 thousand units/ha and the absence of signs of bacteriosis. Thus, the distributed application of nitrogen (N110P110K110) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) during the growing season with irrigation water was significantly more effective than (N160P160K160) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N20 + K40N20) during the growing season. There was a tendency to increase the yield and quality of products with the double application of Bisolbi-Plant (BIS88) at a rate of (1.0 + 1.0) l/ha.Актуальность. Репчатый лук в России в 2021 году: Площадь возделывания – 56,3 тыс. га; Урожайность – 28,6 т/га; Производство – 1608,6 тыс. тонн; Импорт от объёма потребления– 10,7%. Современные сорта и гибриды и средства защиты растений дают возможность получить высокие урожаи в условиях Нечернозёмной зоны. Целью исследований является оптимизации параметров и сроков технологических операций по возделыванию лука репчатого в однолетней культуре на аллювиальных луговых почвах Нечерноземной зоны.Материалы и методы. Была проведена отработка системы питания растений лука посредством распределённого внесения азота в период вегетации: Вариант 1 (N160P160K160) предпосевное +(Ca40 N10 + K40N20 + K40N20) в процессе вегетации; Вариант 2 (N110P110K110) предпосевное +(Ca40 N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) в процессе вегетации. Опыт по применению микробиологического препарата Бисолби-Плант (Bacillus pumilis) BIS88 совместно с гуминовым 1% препаратом «Росток» нормой один литр на гектар каждого для стимуляции активного роста.Результаты. В конце вегетации во втором варианте опыта по азоту имело место продление срока вегетации на 7-10 дней. Превышение урожайности по второму варианту за 2021-22 годы исследований составило более 20,0 т/га и является существенным. Разница по вариантам внесения препарата Бисолби-Плант в 2,8 т/га при НСР05= 8,2 т/га не явилась достоверной. Преимущество варианта с биопрепаратом в более высокой на 71,0 тыс. шт/га густоте стояния растений и отсутствие признаков бактериоза. Таким образом, распределённое внесение азота (N110P110K110) предпосевное +(Ca40N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) в процессе вегетации с поливной водой достоверно оказалось более эффективным, чем (N160P160K160) предпосевное +(Ca40N20 + K40N20 + K40N20) в процессе вегетации. Зафиксирована тенденция увеличения урожайности и качества продукции при двойном внесении препарата Бисолби-Плант (BIS88) нормой (1,0 + 1,0) л/га

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СОВМЕСТНОГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ РЕГУЛЯТОРОВ РОСТА «ОБЕРЕГЪ» И «ЗАВЯЗЬ» НА КАПУСТЕ БЕЛОКОЧАННОЙ

The comparative analysis of different ways of application of the growth regulators “Obereg” and “Zavyazy” for white head cabbage has been conducted. The most effective was the double spraying by the mixed growth regulators at the stage of 6-8 leaves and the stage of the beginning of the forming of head of cabbage (400 g/ha and 60 ml/ha). The time step between the treatments is 30 days. The treatments have speeded up the stage of the industrial ripeness on 5-6 days as compared to control and have increased yield of cabbage. The increasing of the content of dry  atter up to 1%, sugars up to 0.5%,  nd vitamin C up to 1.9% mg% was recorded. The nitrate content in all variants was in range of the maximum permissible concentration.Проведено сравнительное изучение различных способов применения регуляторов роста «Оберегъ» и «Завязь» на культуре капусты белокочанной. Наибольшая эффективность выявлена при двукратном опрыскивании растений баковой смесью препаратов в фазу 6-8 листьев и в фазу начала завязывания кочана (400 г/га+60 мл/га). Интервал между обработками 30 суток. Обработки обеспечивали ускорение наступления фазы технической спелости на 5-6 суток по сравнению с контролем, повышение урожайности и выхода стандартной продукции. Отмечено повышение содержания в кочанах сухого вещества на 1%, сахаров – на 0,5%, витамина С – на 1,9 мг% относительно контроля при минимальном накоплении нитратов. Содержание нитратов в капусте во всех вариантах опыта не превышало ПДК