61 research outputs found

    Pyroséquençage pour le développement d'EST et de SNP aviaires

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    Le but du programme est de combler les dĂ©ficits en marqueurs observĂ©s pour trois espĂšces aviaires : la caille, le canard et la poule. La stratĂ©gie choisie est l'obtention, Ă  partir de plusieurs individus de lignĂ©es d'intĂ©rĂȘt, de SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, polymorphisme d'un nuclĂ©otide) par une nouvelle technologie de sĂ©quençage Ă  haut dĂ©bit (sĂ©quenceur 454 GS-FLX, Roche). Nous sĂ©quençons des reprĂ©sentations rĂ©duites du gĂ©nome, en sĂ©lectionnant d'une part des fragments de restriction d'ADN gĂ©nomique - les mĂȘmes chez tous les individus - et d'autre part les transcrits qui reprĂ©sentent globalement la partie du gĂ©nome correspondant aux gĂšnes exprimĂ©s. Ces expĂ©rimentations sont rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  partir d'Ă©chantillons d'ADN ou d'ARN issus d'individus de lignĂ©es Ă  l'origine de croisements existants, pour chacune des trois espĂšces. Les donnĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par plusieurs "runs" de sĂ©quence seront traitĂ©es in silico : contigage Ă  haut dĂ©bit, recherche de SNP, comparaison avec les banques de sĂ©quences connues...En plus de l'intĂ©rĂȘt que reprĂ©sente la production d'un trĂšs grand nombre de SNP nouveaux, cette technologie devrait permettre de mieux sĂ©quencer les rĂ©gions riches en (G+C) correspondant aux plus petits des microchromosomes pour lesquels il n'y a pas de sĂ©quence chez la poule. La comparaison des sĂ©quences des transcrits obtenues chez la caille et le canard avec la sĂ©quence du gĂ©nome de la poule permettra d'Ă©tablir une "cartographie virtuelle" des SNP obtenus, grĂące Ă  la grande conservation de syntĂ©nie existant entre ces trois espĂšces

    Effect of lipid content on oxidation susceptibility of duck meat

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    International audienceLipid content in duck meat can show a very large variation. It influences the nutritional and sensory attributes of the meat and perhaps it influences meat susceptibility to oxidation during cold storage of fresh or processed meat. By combining the duck genotype (Muscovy duck, Pekin duck and mule) and the nutritional level (ad libitum or overfed) we were able to obtain duck fillets exhibiting a large variation in lipid content and to distribute them into 3 classes (2.0 to 3.5%, 4.0 to 5.5% and 5.9 to 7.9% fat). Storage at + 4 degrees C or -20 degrees C of raw meat or at + 4 degrees C of dry-cured fillets did neither affect the colour and fatty acid composition of the meat nor its susceptibility to lipid or protein oxidation

    Comparison of the composition and sensory characteristics of goose fatty liver obtained by overfeeding and spontaneous fattening

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    Spontaneous liver steatosis can be experimentally induced in domestic Greylag geese by combining a short photoperiod with a sequence of feed restriction followed by ad libitum corn feeding. This could offer an alternative to the conventional "foie gras" production system based on overfeeding. The present work aimed at comparing the compositional characteristics, sensory profile, and acceptability by a consumer panel of fatty livers obtained by overfeeding and spontaneous fattening. In all, 210 male geese were used: 125 geese were raised over a 31-wk period to produce fatty liver without overfeeding ("alternative livers") and 85 were raised using conventional methods with overfeeding ("conventional livers"). Mean liver weight was over 1 kg (1,102 g) in the conventional group and 445 g in the alternative group. The characteristics of the livers were studied in 2 subpopulations: 44 conventional livers representative of the experimental population (mean liver weight 1,064 g) and 42 alternative livers weighing more than 400 g (mean 702 g). Compared with the alternative livers, livers from the conventional group showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher dry matter and lipid contents, lighter color (L*), and lower yellowness (b*). The neutral lipids of alternative livers contained significantly less triglycerides and free fatty acids and significantly more cholesterol and cholesterol esters than those from conventional livers. Detailed analysis of the fatty acid composition of triglycerides showed that the proportion of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the alternative livers. However, covariance analysis suggested that these differences in lipid composition were mainly due to differences in lipid content between both types of livers. The evaluation of cooked livers by a trained expert panel revealed significant differences in the sensory profile between the conventional and alternative livers. The acceptability by a consumer panel was significantly lower in alternative compared to conventional livers. This difference was not related to weight and/or lipid content since livers of similar weight range (800 to 1,000 g) were compared and showed clear-cut differences for hedonic scores

    Meat quality in an intergeneric factorial crossbreeding between muscovy (Cairina moschata) and Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks

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    The characteristics of the breast meat were studied on force-fed male ducks resulting from a factorial crossbreeding between the muscovy and Pekin duck. The measurements were aimed at characterising the meat of these various genetic types and at describing their genetic parameters. Overall, 99 animals were measured. We measured the zootechnical performances of force-fed ducks as well as the physico-chemical, mechanical and biochemical characteristics of the pectoral muscle. The analyses showed that the effect of the genetic type was significant for the weight data; muscovy ducks were the heaviest, Pekin ducks the lightest, with the two other genetic types being intermediate. The weight of the liver was equal for muscovy and hinny ducks and higher in the mule duck. For growth traits, additive effects were significant with a higher growth rate for muscovy genes, and a large heterosis effect was observed for foie gras weight. For physico-chemical traits, significant genetic effects were few but the muscovy additive effect induced a lighter meat and a favourable heterosis effect was found for muscle L* measured at 1 and 9 days post mortem. Muscle pH was influenced by additive effects, with a pH associated with muscovy genes. Finally, we remarked direct genetic effects estimated for textural properties that were favourable to the Pekin duck, which showed a more tender meat. In general, maternal effects were marginally significant.Qualité de la viande de canards issus des croisements réciproques entre canard de Barbarie (Cairina moschata) et canard commun (Anas platyrhynchos). Les caractéristiques du magret ont été étudiées chez les canards mùles gavés issus d'un croisement factoriel entre le canard de Barbarie et le canard commun. Les mesures visaient à caractériser la viande de ces divers types génétiques et à en décrire les paramÚtres génétiques. Les performances zootechniques ainsi que les caractéristiques physico-chimiques, mécaniques et biochimiques du muscle pectoral de 99 canards gavés ont été mesurées. Les analyses ont montré que l'effet du type génétique était significatif pour les données de poids. Les canards de Barbarie étaient les plus lourds et les canards Pekin les plus légers, les deux types génétiques croisés étant intermédiaires. Le poids du foie était identique pour les canards de Barbarie et hinny et plus élevé pour le canard mulard. Pour les caractÚres de croissance, les effets additifs étaient significatifs avec une vitesse de croissance plus élevée pour les gÚnes Barbarie. Un effet d'hétérosis trÚs élevé a été observé pour le poids du foie. Pour les caractÚres physico-chimiques, les effets génétiques significatifs sont peu nombreux mais on peut retenir des effets additifs significatifs pour la luminosité, les gÚnes Barbarie conduisant à une viande plus claire et un effet d'hétérosis favorable pour la valeur L* mesurée sur le muscle à 1 et 9 jours post mortem. Le pH musculaire est affecté par des effets additifs, le Barbarie induisant des pH plus faibles. Enfin, on retiendra des effets directs sur la texture de la viande, favorables au canard Pékin qui présente une viande plus tendre. D'une maniÚre générale, les effets maternels étaient rarement significatifs

    Dynamics of thermal heat acclimatization in force-fed ducks

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    During force-feeding period, Mule ducks received increasing amounts of feed to force steatosis of the liver. The intensive lipogenesis is associated with high amount of energy to export as heat. The effects of ambient temperature on heat production and energy metabolism were tested on Mule ducks housed in an open-circuit respiration chamber. The metabolizable energy intake tended to be lower when ambient temperature was higher than 22 °C whereas total heat production was lower when ambient temperature was lower than 15 °C or higher than 22 °C, because ducks have reached their maximal ability of heat vaporization even at the lowest ambient temperature. Alternating periods of intense lipogenesis after the meal with periods of resting metabolism helps the ducks to adapt to high ambient temperature

    Effet du moment d'acquisition des spectres proche infrarouge sur la qualité de prédiction du taux de lipides et du taux de fonte du foie gras chez le canard

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    Pour caractĂ©riser la composition biochimique des tissus animaux,la spectromĂ©trie proche infrarouge (SPIR) est de plus en plus utilisĂ©e. Des Ă©tudes prĂ©cĂ©dentes sur le foie gras ont montrĂ© la capacitĂ© de prĂ©dire le taux de lipides et le taux de fonte. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’effet du moment d’acquisition des spectres sur la qualitĂ© de prĂ©diction de ces deux grandeurs. Des spectres infrarouges ont Ă©tĂ© acquis deux fois sur les mĂȘmes foies gras, en post Ă©viscĂ©ration (PE) et en post refroidissement (PEPR). Les donnĂ©es spectrales ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es en rĂ©flectance (R) dans les rĂ©gions du visible et du PIR (350-2500 nm, pas de 1 nm) avec un spectromĂštre portable LabSpecÂź 5000 (ASD Inc., Boulder (CO), USA) Ă©quipĂ© d'un module de contact. Le taux de fonte Ă  la cuisson (n=182) et le taux de lipides (n=125) ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s. Chacun des groupes de spectres PE et PEPR ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©parĂ©s en deux jeux de donnĂ©es, un jeu de calibration (2/3 des Ă©chantillons) et un jeu de validation afin d’établir des Ă©quations de prĂ©diction de la composition des foies. Les deux jeux de calibration ainsi que les deux jeux de validation ont aussi Ă©tĂ© regroupĂ©s afin d’établir une Ă©quation de prĂ©diction globale. Le traitement des spectres et le dĂ©veloppement des Ă©quations de prĂ©diction ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec le logiciel WinISI (version 4.6.8, FOSSAnalytical A/S, Hilleroed, Danemark) sur une fenĂȘtre de 650 Ă  2350 nm. Les Ă©quations de prĂ©diction ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablies par rĂ©gression partielle des moindres carrĂ©s (mPLS du logiciel WinISI) aprĂšs transformation des donnĂ©es par une Standard Normal Variate andDetrend (SNVD) avec une dĂ©rivĂ©e premiĂšre et un lissage de 10 (1/10/10/1).Les Ă©quations dĂ©veloppĂ©es avec les spectres acquis en post Ă©viscĂ©ration permettent de prĂ©dire le taux de fonte et le taux de lipides des foies dont les spectres ont Ă©tĂ© acquis au mĂȘme moment post-mortem, mais ne permettent pas de prĂ©dire ces grandeurs pour des spectres acquis en post refroidissement. Des rĂ©sultats similaires ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus sur les spectres en post refroidissement. En outre, les Ă©quations dĂ©veloppĂ©es sur l’ensemble des spectres disponibles ont une qualitĂ© de prĂ©diction Ă©quivalente Ă  celles citĂ©es prĂ©cĂ©demment. Ainsi, il est possible de rassembler des spectres acquis Ă  diffĂ©rents moments post mortem et de faire une seule Ă©quation afin de prĂ©dire soit le taux de lipidesdes foies soit leur taux de font

    Genes involved in the establishment of hepatic steatosis in Muscovy, Pekin and mule ducks

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    International audienceOur main objectives were to determine the genes involved in the establishment of hepatic steatosis in three genotypes of palmipeds. To respond to this question, we have compared Muscovy ducks, Pekin ducks and their crossbreed the mule duck fed ad libitum or overfed. We have shown a hepatic overexpression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and di-acyl glycerol acyl transferase 2 (DGAT2) in overfed individuals, where DGAT2 seemed to be more regulated. This increase in lipogenesis genes is associated with a decrease of lipoprotein formation in Muscovy and mule ducks, especially apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTTP), leading to lipid accumulation in liver. In Pekin ducks, MTTP expression is upregulated suggesting a better hepatic lipids exportation. Regarding lipids re-uptake, fatty acid-binding protein 4 and very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor are overexpressed in liver of mule ducks at the end of the overfeeding period. This phenomenon puts light on a mechanism unknown until today. In fact, mule can incorporate more lipids in liver than the two other genotypes leading to an intensified hepatic steatosis. To conclude, our results confirmed the genotype variability to overfeeding. Furthermore, similar observations are already described in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in human, and ask if ducks could be an animal model to study hepatic triglyceride accumulation

    Pre- and post-prandial expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism at the end of the overfeeding period of mule ducks

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    In palmipeds, overfeeding leads to hepatic steatosis, also called ‘‘foie gras’’ which is the result of many metabolic mechanisms. In order to understand these mechanisms, we decided to measure the expression of genes implicated in lipid metabolism during 12 hours (h) following the last meal of the overfeeding period. We have shown that there is a precocious expression (within 2 h) of fatty acid synthase and acyl CoA synthetase longchain 1 in liver and muscle of mule ducks in addition with a later peak. Furthermore, di-acyl glycerol acyl transferase presents the highest induction of expression in liver and it is overexpressed quite a long time, positioning this enzyme as a key factor in hepatic steatosis. These observations are quite similar in muscle. Lipoprotein secretion is upregulated later in postprandial period, with an upregulation of apolipoprotein and microsomal triglycerides transfer protein beginning at 5 h in liver or muscle. Regarding hepatic re-uptake of lipid, lesser variations are observed, suggesting that fatty acid binding protein and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) are already at their maximum expression specifically in these tissues. In muscle, VLDLR and LDLR upregulation is observed 5 h after the meal, associated with an overexpression in the adipose tissue of lipase maturation factor 1 involved in the maturation of lipoprotein lipase. These findings will allow us to better understand the kinetic treatment in lipid metabolism after a meal in overfed ducks. This first report on kinetic expression will allow researcher to better target their sampling time knowing the optimal point of expression of each gen
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