Occurrence of Quadruplets in Nelore Cattle: A Case Report

Cattle are monotocous species and cow usually deliver one calf per birth.  The present report has the aim to notify the birth occurrence of quadruplets of a Nelore cow: first time in scientific literature for this breed. The report presents negative and positive consequences of event

Associação e seleção genômica para características relacionadas à eficiência reprodutiva de fêmeas da raça Nelore

As características reprodutivas são fundamentais ao melhoramento genético de bovinos de corte, pois impõem limites à intensidade de seleção, determinam o intervalo entre gerações e estão diretamente relacionadas com a economia do sistema. Com relação às fêmeas, um desafio é a identificação de características facilmente mensuráveis que sejam geneticamente relacionadas com a fertilidade. Objetivou-se com este estudo detectar polimorfismos de DNA associados a características reprodutivas de fêmeas da raça Nelore, bem como a avaliação de modelos para predição de valores genéticos a partir de dados genômicos. Para tanto, foram genotipadas 1853 fêmeas nascidas entre 2007 e 2009, utilizando-se SNPs de alta densidade Illumina Bovine HD assay (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), e após a o controle de qualidade, foram utilizados 305.348 SNPs. No Capítulo 2, aplicou-se o modelo BAYESCπ para estimar os efeitos de marcadores e associá-los às características dias para o primeiro parto (DPP) e reconcepção de fêmeas primíparas (REC). Foram encontrados 42 SNPs significativos associados à REC e 13 para DPP. Esses SNPs explicam 11,32% da variância fenotípica da característica reconcepção de fêmeas primíparas e 3,48% da variância fenotípica da característica dias para o primeiro parto. Esses resultados permitirão montar painéis de baixa densidade específicos para a raça Nelore. No Capítulo 3, foram utilizados três modelos para estimação dos efeitos dos marcadores (para as características reconcepção de fêmeas primíparas, dias para o primeiro parto, idade ao primeiro parto e ocorrência de prenhez precoce): melhor estimador linear não viesado (GBLUP), BAYESCπ e Improved Bayesian least absolut shrinkage and selection operator (IBLASSO). As definições de variável dependente foram: a medida direta do fenótipo; fenótipo corrigido, valor genético e valor...Reproductive traits are fundamental to genetic improvement of beef cattle as they impose limits on the selection intensity, determine the generation interval and are directly related to the economy of the system. With respect to the females, a challenge is to identify traits that are easily measurable and are genetically related to fertility. The objective of this study was to detect DNA polymorphisms associated with reproductive traits in Nellore females, as well as to evaluate models to predict breeding values from genomic data. So, 1853 females born between 2007 and 2009 were genotyped, using high-density SNP Illumina Bovine HD assay ( Illumina , San Diego , CA , USA ), and after quality control , 305,348 SNPs were used. In Chapter 2, BAYESCπ was applied to estimate the marker effects and associate them to the traits days to first calving (DFC), and heifers rebreeding (HR). 42 significant SNPs were associated with HRC and 13 to DFCD. These SNPs explain 11.32 % of the phenotypic variance of the trait HR and 3.48 % of the phenotypic variance of the trait DFC. These results will enable to create lowdensity panels specific to Nellore breed. In Chapter 3 , three models were used to estimate the effects of markers ( for traits heifers rebreeding, days to first calving, age at first calving, and occurrence of early pregnancy) : best linear unbiased estimator (GBLUP) BAYESCπ and Improved Bayesian least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ( IBLASSO ) . The definitions of the dependent variable were the direct measurement of the phenotype; corrected phenotype, breeding value and deregressed breeding value. BAYESCπ was most appropriate for estimation of the effects of SNPs and genomic values for all traits. The estimation of genomic values using the direct measurement of the dependent variable phenotype led to more accurate estimates of the genomic value

Investigating the accuracy of imputing autosomal variants in Nellore cattle using the ARS-UCD1.2 assembly of the bovine genome

Background Imputation accuracy among other things depends on the size of the reference panel, the marker’s minor allele frequency (MAF), and the correct placement of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the reference genome assembly. Using high-density genotypes of 3938 Nellore cattle from Brazil, we investigated the accuracy of imputation from 50 K to 777 K SNP density using Minimac3, when map positions were determined according to the bovine genome assemblies UMD3.1 and ARS-UCD1.2. We assessed the effect of reference and target panel sizes on the pre-phasing based imputation quality using ten-fold cross-validation. Further, we compared the reliability of the model-based imputation quality score (Rsq) from Minimac3 to the empirical imputation accuracy. Results The overall accuracy of imputation measured as the squared correlation between true and imputed allele dosages (R2dose) was almost identical using either the UMD3.1 or ARS-UCD1.2 genome assembly. When the size of the reference panel increased from 250 to 2000, R2dose increased from 0.845 to 0.917, and the number of polymorphic markers in the imputed data set increased from 586,701 to 618,660. Advantages in both accuracy and marker density were also observed when larger target panels were imputed, likely resulting from more accurate haplotype inference. Imputation accuracy increased from 0.903 to 0.913, and the marker density in the imputed data increased from 593,239 to 595,570 when haplotypes were inferred in 500 and 2900 target animals. The model-based imputation quality scores from Minimac3 (Rsq) were systematically higher than empirically estimated accuracies. However, both metrics were positively correlated and the correlation increased with the size of the reference panel and MAF of imputed variants. Conclusions Accurate imputation of BovineHD BeadChip markers is possible in Nellore cattle using the new bovine reference genome assembly ARS-UCD1.2. The use of large reference and target panels improves the accuracy of the imputed genotypes and provides genotypes for more markers segregating at low frequency for downstream genomic analyses. The model-based imputation quality score from Minimac3 (Rsq) can be used to detect poorly imputed variants but its reliability depends on the size of the reference panel and MAF of the imputed variants

Association between JY-1 gene polymorphisms and reproductive traits in beef cattle

Reproductive traits have a high economic value and it is interesting to include them in the selection objectives of an animal breeding program. These traits generally show low heritability and molecular markers may therefore be used in genetic evaluations to improve the accuracy of predictions. The JY-1 gene is expressed in the oocyte and it is associated with folliculogenesis and early embryo development. It has been suggested to affect reproductive traits. In this study, exons 1 and 2 of the JY-1 gene were studied in 385 Nellore females by PCR-sequencing. Seventeen polymorphisms were identified. After analysis of linkage disequilibrium, association tests were performed between eight SNPs and the occurrence of early pregnancy, age at first calving, days to calving, and reconception of primiparous heifers. Seven SNPs were significant for three traits. The most significant was chr29:12,999 T/A (p = 0.003) which was associated with the occurrence of early pregnancy. This SNP might be involved in protein translation inhibition since it affects the initial methionine codon. The JY-1, an oocyte specific gene, influences reproductive traits; further studies investigating other regions of the gene or other genes expressed in tissues of the female reproductive system would be interesting to be performed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Medidas morfométricas para o dimorfismo sexual em equinos da raça Campolina

The objective of this work was to distinguish the sexual dimorphism of horses of the Campolina breed, by morphometric measurements, and to classify them according to sex, using discriminating functions. Two-hundred and fifteen horses were measured, and 39 morphometric measurements were evaluated. The analysis of covariance and the discriminant analysis were performed. Males were taller and showed a wider chest, a greater scapular-humeral angle, and a larger neck, both in length and circumference. Females had a larger heart girth, wider hips, and a greater opening of the coxal-ground and femorotibial angles. Regarding classification, circumference measurements (85.58%) were more accurate in sexual differentiation than the linear (83.26%) and angular (73.02%) ones. As to classification error, of the total animals measured, 10 to 20% of the females were categorized as males. In addition, 11 to 38% of the males were categorized as females. It can be concluded that of the 39 morphometric measurements evaluated, 22 are responsible for sexual dimorphism in the Campolina horse breed. Circumference and linear measurements provide a more assertive classification to determine sexual dimorphism. Angular measurements show greater classification errors regarding the gender of the horses.O objetivo deste trabalho foi distinguir o dimorfismo sexual de equinos da raça Campolina, por meio de medidas morfométricas, e classificá-los quanto ao sexo, tendo-se utilizado funções discriminantes. Foram mensurados 215 equinos, e avaliadas 39 medidas morfométricas. Realizaram-se análises de covariância e discriminante. Os machos foram mais altos e apresentaram peito mais largo, maior ângulo escapulo-umeral e maior pescoço, tanto em comprimento quanto em perímetro. As fêmeas apresentaram maior perímetro torácico, ancas mais largas e maior abertura dos ângulos coxo-solo e femorotibial. Em relação à classificação, as medidas de perímetros (85,58%) foram mais acuradas na diferenciação sexual do que as lineares (83,26%) e as angulares (73,02%). Quanto ao erro de classificação, do total de animais mensurados, de 10 a 20% das fêmeas foram categorizadas como machos. Além disso, de 11 a 38% dos machos foram categorizados como fêmeas. Conclui‑se que, das 39 medidas morfométricas avaliadas, 22 são responsáveis pelo dimorfismo sexual em equinos da raça Campolina. As medidas de perímetros e lineares fornecem classificação mais assertiva para determinar o dimorfismo sexual. As medidas angulares mostram maiores erros de classificação em relação ao sexo dos equinos

Characterization and polymorphism screening of IGF-I and prolactin genes in Nelore heifers

Insulin growth factor I (IGF-I) and prolactin (PRL) are peptide hormones that exert complementary effects on reproductive traits by acting on folliculogenesis. In view of the lack of information about the IGF-I and PRL genes in Bos indicus, the objective of this study was to partially characterize the promoter regions of these genes and to screen animals of different ages at first pregnancy for the presence of polymorphisms in these regions. In addition, we determined whether polymorphisms influence the regulation of the two hormone genes, evaluating their association with sexual precocity. The animals were divided into three groups according to age at first pregnancy: 1) 100 heifers considered to be sexually precocious that became pregnant at 15-16 months of age, 2) 100 heifers that became pregnant during the normal breeding season at 24 months of age, and 3) 100 heifers that did not become pregnant until 24 months of age. For the IGF-I gene, PCR-RFLP-SnaBI analysis showed the presence of genotypes AB and BB at frequencies of 0.02 and 0.98, respectively. Sequencing of the IGF-I gene fragment revealed a single nitrogen base change from cytosine to thymine, corresponding to the restriction site of SnaBI. The polymorphisms identified in the 5’-flanking region of the IGF-I gene may serve as a basis for future studies of molecular markers in cattle. For the PRL gene, PCR-RFLP-HaeIII analysis showed the presence of only one migration pattern, a finding characterizing the region studied as monomorphic. The study of other regions in the IGF-I and PRL genes might provide molecular data that can be used in the future for the selection of sexually precocious animals

Genomic analysis of stayability in Nellore cattle.

Stayability, which can be defined as the probability of a cow calving at a certain age when given the opportunity, is an important reproductive trait in beef cattle because it is directly related to herd profitability. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and to identify possible genomic regions associated with the phenotypic expression of stayability in Nellore cows. The variance components were estimated by Bayesian inference using a threshold animal model that included the systematic effects of contemporary group and sexual precocity and the random effects of animal and residual. The SNP effects were estimated by the single-step genomic BLUP method using information of 2,838 animals (2,020 females and 930 sires) genotyped with the Illumina High-Density BeadChip Array (San Diego, CA, USA). The variance explained by windows formed by 200 consecutive SNPs was used to identify genomic regions of largest effect on the expression of stayability. The heritability was 0.11 ± 0.01 when A matrix (pedigree) was used and 0.14 ± 0.01 when H matrix (relationship matrix that combines pedigree information and SNP data) was used. A total of 147 candidate genes for stayability were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 20 and on the X chromosome. New candidate regions for stayability were detected, most of them related to reproductive, immunological and central nervous system functions

Gene network linked to biological process related to stayability in Nellore cattle.

<p>The size of nodes represents the statistical significance of the terms. (P-value adjusted to Bonferroni statistics).</p