The Creative Class and the Creative Economy in Spain

This article describes an application in Spain of Florida's model (2002/Citation2010, Citation2005) about creativity, economy and growth. Creativity is an indicator that measures and combines technology, talent, and tolerance. Each of these is composed of three subindices. The most important conclusion from the data reported here is that creativity in particular, and growth in general, was less related to tolerance than the other two indices. However, the subindex of tolerance reflecting bohemia was important; the other two (foreigners and gays) were not

The finger flexors occlusion threshold in sport-climbers: an exploratory study on its indirect approximation

Blood flow partially determines specific climbing endurance (SCE) as it mediates oxygen bio-availability in the finger flexors. Blood flow is related to occlusion threshold (OT), which is defined as the contraction intensity at which intramuscular pressure exceeds perfusion blood pressure resulting in the cessation of local blood flow. The OT is represented as an inflection point on a force-time graph when isometric force is registered and applied through maximal and continuous tests. Endurance time (ET) to exhaustion is influenced by the relative isometric applied force and is different for each climber. The aim of this study was to explore whether an approximation of the finger flexors OT in sport climbers through records of ET to exhaustion at different isometric relative intensities was possible. We measured maximum finger hang ETs at 6 intensities ranging from 85% to 35% maximal force in 34 sport climbers of advanced and elite level. The values obtained were analysed by two different methods in an attempt to determine a change in the shape of the curve in the intensity-ET relationship graphs that approximated the OT for each climber. The results suggest that the finger flexors OT could be different among climbers, regardless of their strength and ability level. The presented methods do not accurately reflect the OT, but could indicate the intensity at which blood flow is restored in the active muscles. This is the first study to indirectly approximate the finger flexors OT in sport-climbers, a parameter that could be essential to assess SCE

A new performance threshold in sport climbing: A change in how climbing trainers work?

Objectives: Previous research has shown that the finger flexor's occlusion threshold (OT) could be different among sport climbers when expressed as a percentage of their maximum finger force (OT%), and that there is no association between the OT% and the climberś ability level. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between the relative finger force applied at the OT% (rff-OT%) and climbing ability level. Equipment and methods: WWe approximated the finger flexor's OT of 34 sport climbers by finger hang endurance test analyses at different intensities between 35% and 85% of their individual maximum finger force on a previously individually adapted edge depth, and we valued their rff-OT% as the relative force they could perform at that intensity. Results: We found a high correlation between the rff-OT% and climbing ability in elite climbers. These findings suggest that having an OT at the highest possible percentage is critical, in addition to having a high relative finger force, as this would enable climbers to express relative force at a wider range of intensities with favorable metabolic conditions

The role of a class III gibberellin 2-oxidase in tomato internode elongation

[EN] A network of environmental inputs and internal signaling controls plant growth, development and organ elongation. In particular, the growth-promoting hormone gibberellin (GA) has been shown to play a significant role in organ elongation. The use of tomato as a model organism to study elongation presents an opportunity to study the genetic control of internode-specific elongation in a eudicot species with a sympodial growth habit and substantial internodes that can and do respond to external stimuli. To investigate internode elongation, a mutant with an elongated hypocotyl and internodes but wild-type petioles was identified through a forward genetic screen. In addition to stem-specific elongation, this mutant, named tomato internode elongated -1 (tie-1) is more sensitive to the GA biosynthetic inhibitor paclobutrazol and has altered levels of intermediate and bioactive GAs compared with wild-type plants. The mutation responsible for the internode elongation phenotype was mapped to GA2oxidase 7, a class III GA 2-oxidase in the GA biosynthetic pathway, through a bulked segregant analysis and bioinformatic pipeline, and confirmed by transgenic complementation. Furthermore, bacterially expressed recombinant TIE protein was shown to have bona fide GA 2-oxidase activity. These results define a critical role for this gene in internode elongation and are significant because they further the understanding of the role of GA biosynthetic genes in organ-specific elongation.This work used the Vincent J. Coates Genomics Sequencing Laboratory at UC Berkeley, supported by NIH S10 Instrumentation Grants S10RR029668 and S10RR027303. We thank the Tomato Genetics Resource Center for providing seed of the M82 and Heinz cultivars. The material was developed by and/or obtained from the UC Davis/C M Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center and maintained by the Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. We thank Anthony Bolger, Alisdair Fernie and Bjorn Usadel for providing us with access to pre-publication genomic reads of the S. lycopersicum cultivar M82, and Cristina Urbez and Noel Blanco-Tourinan (IBMCP, Spain) for technical help with in vitro production of TIE1. This work was supported in part by the Elsie Taylor Stocking Memorial Fellowship awarded to ASL in 2013, by NSF grant IOS-0820854, by USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture project CA-D-PLB-2465-H, by internal UC Davis funds, and by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant BFU2016-80621-P.Lavelle, A.; Gath, N.; Devisetty, U.; Carrera Bergua, E.; Lopez Diaz, I.; Blazquez Rodriguez, MA.; Maloof, J. (2018). The role of a class III gibberellin 2-oxidase in tomato internode elongation. 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Annular pigment band on the posterior capsule following blunt ocular trauma: a case report

BACKGROUND: To report an unusual case of annular pigment band on the posterior capsule following blunt ocular trauma. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe an annular pigment band on the posterior capsule following blunt ocular trauma in a 28-year old male patient. Repeat examinations revealed no evidence of other signs of blunt ocular trauma or pigment dispersion syndrome in either eye. CONCLUSION: The annular pigment band in this case corresponds to the adherence of the hyaloideocapsulare ligament to the posterior capsule and reconfirms its rare visualization in the living eye. This finding may be an isolated sign of blunt ocular trauma and a compromised integrity of the vitreolenticular interface should be strongly suspected. We recommend careful documentation in context of future cataract surgery in these eyes

Insulin autoantibodies as determined by competitive radiobinding assay are positively correlated with impaired beta-cell function — The Ulm-Frankfurt population study

Out of a random population of 4208 non-diabetic pupils without a family history of Type I diabetes 44 (1.05%) individuals had islet cell antibody (ICA) levels greater or equal to 5 Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF) units. 39 of these ICA-positives could be repeatedly tested for circulating insulin autoantibodies (CIAA) using a competitive radiobinding assay. The results were compared with the insulin responses in the intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) and with HLA types. Six pupils were positive for CIAA. All of them had complement-fixing ICA, and 5 of them were HLA-DR4 positive. Three of the 6 showed a first-phase insulin response below the first percentile of normal controls. Our data indicate that in population-based studies CIAA can be considered as a high risk marker for impaired beta-cell function in non-diabetic ICA-positive individuals

Tomato floral induction and flower development are orchestrated by the interplay between gibberellin and two unrelated microRNA-controlled modules

[EN] Age-regulated microRNA156 (miR156) and targets similarly control the competence to flower in diverse species. By contrast, the diterpene hormone gibberellin (GA) and the microRNA319-regulated TEOSINTE BRANCHED/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factors promote flowering in the facultative long-day Arabidopsis thaliana, but suppress it in the day-neutral tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We combined genetic and molecular studies and described a new interplay between GA and two unrelated miRNA-associated pathways that modulates tomato transition to flowering. Tomato PROCERA/DELLA activity is required to promote flowering along with the miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL/SBP) transcription factors by activating SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) in the leaves and the MADS-Boxgene APETALA1(AP1)/MC at the shoot apex. Conversely, miR319-targeted LANCEOLATE represses floral transition by increasing GA concentrations and inactivating SFT in the leaves and AP1/MC at the shoot apex. Importantly, the combination of high GA concentrations/responses with the loss of SPL/SPB function impaired canonical meristem maturation and flower initiation in tomato. Our results reveal a cooperative regulation of tomato floral induction and flower development, integrating age cues (miR156 module) with GA responses and miR319-controlled pathways. Importantly, this study contributes to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of GA in controlling flowering time in a day-neutral species.We thank Dr C. Schommer for kindly providing tcp4-soj8/+ seeds, and Carlos Rojas for Arabidopsis flowering time analyses. This work was supported by FAPESP (grant no. 15/17892-7 and fellowships nos 15/23826-7 and 13/16949-0). The authors declare no conflict of interest.Silva, G.; Silva, E.; Correa, J.; Vicente, M.; Jiang, N.; Notini, M.; Junior, A.... (2018). Tomato floral induction and flower development are orchestrated by the interplay between gibberellin and two unrelated microRNA-controlled modules. New Phytologist. 221(3):1328-1344. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15492S132813442213Andrés, F., & Coupland, G. (2012). The genetic basis of flowering responses to seasonal cues. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13(9), 627-639. doi:10.1038/nrg3291Bassel, G. W., Mullen, R. T., & Bewley, J. D. (2008). procerais a putative DELLA mutant in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): effects on the seed and vegetative plant. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59(3), 585-593. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm354Ben‐Naim, O., Eshed, R., Parnis, A., Teper‐Bamnolker, P., Shalit, A., Coupland, G., … Lifschitz, E. (2006). The CCAAT binding factor can mediate interactions between CONSTANS‐like proteins and DNA. The Plant Journal, 46(3), 462-476. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02706.xBoss, P. K., & Thomas, M. R. (2002). Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape ‘green revolution’ mutation. Nature, 416(6883), 847-850. doi:10.1038/416847aBurko, Y., Shleizer-Burko, S., Yanai, O., Shwartz, I., Zelnik, I. D., Jacob-Hirsch, J., … Ori, N. (2013). A Role for APETALA1/FRUITFULL Transcription Factors in Tomato Leaf Development. The Plant Cell, 25(6), 2070-2083. doi:10.1105/tpc.113.113035Cardon, G., Höhmann, S., Klein, J., Nettesheim, K., Saedler, H., & Huijser, P. (1999). Molecular characterisation of the Arabidopsis SBP-box genes. Gene, 237(1), 91-104. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00308-xCarrera, E., Ruiz-Rivero, O., Peres, L. E. P., Atares, A., & Garcia-Martinez, J. L. (2012). Characterization of the procera Tomato Mutant Shows Novel Functions of the SlDELLA Protein in the Control of Flower Morphology, Cell Division and Expansion, and the Auxin-Signaling Pathway during Fruit-Set and Development. Plant Physiology, 160(3), 1581-1596. doi:10.1104/pp.112.204552Carvalho, R. F., Campos, M. L., Pino, L. E., Crestana, S. L., Zsögön, A., Lima, J. E., … Peres, L. E. (2011). Convergence of developmental mutants into a single tomato model system: «Micro-Tom» as an effective toolkit for plant development research. Plant Methods, 7(1), 18. doi:10.1186/1746-4811-7-18Cubas, P., Lauter, N., Doebley, J., & Coen, E. (1999). The TCP domain: a motif found in proteins regulating plant growth and development. The Plant Journal, 18(2), 215-222. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00444.xDavière, J.-M., Wild, M., Regnault, T., Baumberger, N., Eisler, H., Genschik, P., & Achard, P. (2014). Class I TCP-DELLA Interactions in Inflorescence Shoot Apex Determine Plant Height. Current Biology, 24(16), 1923-1928. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.012Silva, G. F. F. e, Silva, E. M., da Silva Azevedo, M., Guivin, M. A. C., Ramiro, D. A., Figueiredo, C. R., … Nogueira, F. T. S. (2014). microRNA156-targeted SPL/SBP box transcription factors regulate tomato ovary and fruit development. The Plant Journal, 78(4), 604-618. doi:10.1111/tpj.12493Gallego-Bartolome, J., Minguet, E. G., Marin, J. A., Prat, S., Blazquez, M. A., & Alabadi, D. (2010). Transcriptional Diversification and Functional Conservation between DELLA Proteins in Arabidopsis. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27(6), 1247-1256. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq012Gallego-Giraldo, L., García-Martínez, J. L., Moritz, T., & López-Díaz, I. (2007). Flowering in Tobacco Needs Gibberellins but is not Promoted by the Levels of Active GA1 and GA4 in the Apical Shoot. Plant and Cell Physiology, 48(4), 615-625. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm034Galvao, V. C., Horrer, D., Kuttner, F., & Schmid, M. (2012). Spatial control of flowering by DELLA proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development, 139(21), 4072-4082. doi:10.1242/dev.080879García-Hurtado, N., Carrera, E., Ruiz-Rivero, O., López-Gresa, M. P., Hedden, P., Gong, F., & García-Martínez, J. L. (2012). The characterization of transgenic tomato overexpressing gibberellin 20-oxidase reveals induction of parthenocarpic fruit growth, higher yield, and alteration of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(16), 5803-5813. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers229Gargul, J. M., Mibus, H., & Serek, M. (2013). Constitutive overexpression of Nicotiana GA 2 ox leads to compact phenotypes and delayed flowering in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 115(3), 407-418. doi:10.1007/s11240-013-0372-5Goldberg-Moeller, R., Shalom, L., Shlizerman, L., Samuels, S., Zur, N., Ophir, R., … Sadka, A. (2013). Effects of gibberellin treatment during flowering induction period on global gene expression and the transcription of flowering-control genes in Citrus buds. Plant Science, 198, 46-57. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.012Hauvermale, A. L., Ariizumi, T., & Steber, C. M. (2012). 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Prolonged survival of patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: the GELTAMO experience

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AIL) is a rare lymphoma with a poor prognosis and no standard treatment. Here, we report our experiences with 19 patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT) within the GELTAMO co-operative group between 1992 and 2004. METHODS: The median age at transplantation was 46 yr. Fifteen patients underwent the procedure as front-line therapy and four patients as salvage therapy. Most patients received peripheral stem cells (90%) coupled with BEAM or BEAC as conditioning regimen (79%). RESULTS: A 79% of patients achieved complete response, 5% partial response and 16% failed the procedure. After a median follow-up of 25 months, eight patients died (seven of progressive disease and secondary neoplasia), while actuarial overall survival and progression-free survival at 3 yr was 60% and 55%. Prognostic factors associated with a poor outcome included bone marrow involvement, transplantation in refractory disease state, attributing more than one factor of the age-adjusted-International Prognostic Index, Pretransplant peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) Score or Prognostic Index for PTCL. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the patients with AIL that display unfavourable prognostic factors at diagnosis or relapse would be expected to be alive and disease-free after 3 yr when treated with HDC/ASCT. Patients who are transplanted in a refractory disease state do not benefit from this procedure