8,914 research outputs found
The Spectral Energy Distribution of Normal, Starburst and Active Galaxies
We present the results of an extensive literature search of multiwavelength
data for a sample of 59 galaxies, consisting of 26 Starbursts, 15 Seyfert 2's,
5 LINER's, 6 normal spirals and 7 normal elliptical galaxies. The data include
soft X-ray fluxes, ultraviolet and optical spectra, near, mid/far infrared
photometry and radio measurements, selected to match as closely as possible the
IUE aperture (10" X 20"). The galaxies are separated into 6 groups with similar
characteristics, namely, Ellipticals, Spirals, LINER's, Seyfert 2's, Starbursts
of Low and High reddening, for which we create average spectral energy
distributions (SED). The individual groups SED's are normalized to the
7000\AA flux and compared, looking for similarities and differences
among them.The bolometric fluxes of different types of galaxies were calculated
integrating their SED's. These values are compared with individual waveband
flux densities, in order to determine the wavebands which contribute most to
the bolometric flux. Linear regressions were performed between the bolometric
and individual band fluxes for each kind of galaxy. These fits can be used in
the calculation of the bolometric flux for other objects of similar activity
type, but with reduced waveband information. We have also collected
multiwavelength data for 4 HII regions, a thermal supernova remnant, and a
non-thermal supernova remnant (SNR), which are compared with the Starburst
SED's.Comment: 29 pages, 13 postscript figures and 10 tables. To appear in The
Astronomical Journa
Acoustic radiation- and streaming-induced microparticle velocities determined by micro-PIV in an ultrasound symmetry plane
We present micro-PIV measurements of suspended microparticles of diameters
from 0.6 um to 10 um undergoing acoustophoresis in an ultrasound symmetry plane
in a microchannel. The motion of the smallest particles are dominated by the
Stokes drag from the induced acoustic streaming flow, while the motion of the
largest particles are dominated by the acoustic radiation force. For all
particle sizes we predict theoretically how much of the particle velocity is
due to radiation and streaming, respectively. These predictions include
corrections for particle-wall interactions and ultrasonic thermoviscous
effects, and they match our measurements within the experimental uncertainty.
Finally, we predict theoretically and confirm experimentally that the ratio
between the acoustic radiation- and streaming-induced particle velocities is
proportional to the square of the particle size, the actuation frequency and
the acoustic contrast factor, while it is inversely proportional to the
kinematic viscosity.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, RevTex 4-
Quantitative Simulation of the Superconducting Proximity Effect
A numerical method is developed to calculate the transition temperature of
double or multi-layers consisting of films of super- and normal conductors. The
approach is based on a dynamic interpretation of Gorkov's linear gap equation
and is very flexible. The mean free path of the different metals, transmission
through the interface, ratio of specular reflection to diffusive scattering at
the surfaces, and fraction of diffusive scattering at the interface can be
included. Furthermore it is possible to vary the mean free path and the BCS
interaction NV in the vicinity of the interface. The numerical results show
that the normalized initial slope of an SN double layer is independent of
almost all film parameters except the ratio of the density of states. There are
only very few experimental investigations of this initial slope and they
consist of Pb/Nn double layers (Nn stands for a normal metal). Surprisingly the
coefficient of the initial slope in these experiments is of the order or less
than 2 while the (weak coupling) theory predicts a value of about 4.5. This
discrepancy has not been recognized in the past. The autor suggests that it is
due to strong coupling behavior of Pb in the double layers. The strong coupling
gap equation is evaluated in the thin film limit and yields the value of 1.6
for the coefficient. This agrees much better with the few experimental results
that are available.
PACS: 74.45.+r, 74.62.-c, 74.20.F
Molecular heat pump for rotational states
In this work we investigate the theory for three different uni-directional
population transfer schemes in trapped multilevel systems which can be utilized
to cool molecular ions. The approach we use exploits the laser-induced coupling
between the internal and motional degrees of freedom so that the internal state
of a molecule can be mapped onto the motion of that molecule in an external
trapping potential. By sympathetically cooling the translational motion back
into its ground state the mapping process can be employed as part of a cooling
scheme for molecular rotational levels. This step is achieved through a common
mode involving a laser-cooled atom trapped alongside the molecule. For the
coherent mapping we will focus on adiabatic passage techniques which may be
expected to provide robust and efficient population transfers. By applying
far-detuned chirped adiabatic rapid passage pulses we are able to achieve an
efficiency of better than 98% for realistic parameters and including
spontaneous emission. Even though our main focus is on cooling molecular
states, the analysis of the different adiabatic methods has general features
which can be applied to atomic systems
Observables, gauge invariance, and the role of the observers in the limit from general relativity to special relativity
Some conceptual issues concerning general invariant theories, with special
emphasis on general relativity, are analyzed. The common assertion that
observables must be required to be gauge invariant is examined in the light of
the role played by a system of observers. Some features of the reduction of the
gauge group are discussed, including the fact that in the process of a partial
gauge fixing the reduction at the level of the gauge group and the reduction at
the level of the variational principle do not commute. Distinctions between the
mathematical and the physical concept of gauge symmetry are discussed and
illustrated with examples. The limit from general relativity to special
relativity is considered as an example of a gauge group reduction that is
allowed in some specific physical circumstances. Whether and when the
Poincar\'e group must be considered as a residual gauge group will come out as
a result of our analysis, that applies, in particular, to asymptotically flat
spaces.Comment: 17 page
Kerr-Newman Solution and Energy in Teleparallel Equivalent of Einstein Theory
An exact charged axially symmetric solution of the coupled gravitational and
electromagnetic fields in the teleparallel equivalent of Einstein theory is
derived. It is characterized by three parameters ``the gravitational mass
, the charge parameter and the rotation parameter " and its
associated metric gives Kerr-Newman spacetime. The parallel vector field and
the electromagnetic vector potential are axially symmetric. We then, calculate
the total energy using the gravitational energy-momentum. The energy is found
to be shared by its interior as well as exterior. Switching off the charge
parameter we find that no energy is shared by the exterior of the Kerr-Newman
black hole.Comment: 11 pages, Latex. Will appear in Mod. Phys. Lett.
Zeeman effect of the hyperfine structure levels in hydrogenlike ions
The fully relativistic theory of the Zeeman splitting of the hyperfine
structure levels in hydrogenlike ions is considered for the magnetic field
magnitude in the range from 1 to 10 T. The second-order corrections to the
Breit -- Rabi formula are calculated and discussed. The results can be used for
a precise determination of nuclear magnetic moments from factor
experiments.Comment: 13 page
Lepton number violating interactions and their effects on neutrino oscillation experiments
Mixing between bosons that transform differently under the standard model
gauge group, but identically under its unbroken subgroup, can induce
interactions that violate the total lepton number. We discuss four-fermion
operators that mediate lepton number violating neutrino interactions both in a
model-independent framework and within supersymmetry (SUSY) without R-parity.
The effective couplings of such operators are constrained by: i) the upper
bounds on the relevant elementary couplings between the bosons and the
fermions, ii) by the limit on universality violation in pion decays, iii) by
the data on neutrinoless double beta decay and, iv) by loop-induced neutrino
masses. We find that the present bounds imply that lepton number violating
neutrino interactions are not relevant for the solar and atmospheric neutrino
problems. Within SUSY without R-parity also the LSND anomaly cannot be
explained by such interactions, but one cannot rule out an effect
model-independently. Possible consequences for future terrestrial neutrino
oscillation experiments and for neutrinos from a supernova are discussed.Comment: 28 pages, 2 figures, Late
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