8,607 research outputs found
Half-Metallic Graphene Nanoribbons
Electrical current can be completely spin polarized in a class of materials
known as half-metals, as a result of the coexistence of metallic nature for
electrons with one spin orientation and insulating for electrons with the
other. Such asymmetric electronic states for the different spins have been
predicted for some ferromagnetic metals - for example, the Heusler compounds-
and were first observed in a manganese perovskite. In view of the potential for
use of this property in realizing spin-based electronics, substantial efforts
have been made to search for half-metallic materials. However, organic
materials have hardly been investigated in this context even though
carbon-based nanostructures hold significant promise for future electronic
device. Here we predict half-metallicity in nanometre-scale graphene ribbons by
using first-principles calculations. We show that this phenomenon is realizable
if in-plane homogeneous electric fields are applied across the zigzag-shaped
edges of the graphene nanoribbons, and that their magnetic property can be
controlled by the external electric fields. The results are not only of
scientific interests in the interplay between electric fields and electronic
spin degree of freedom in solids but may also open a new path to explore
spintronics at nanometre scale, based on graphene
Valley filter and valley valve in graphene
It is known that the lowest propagating mode in a narrow ballistic ribbon of
graphene may lack the twofold valley degeneracy of higher modes. Depending on
the crystallographic orientation of the ribbon axis, the lowest mode mixes both
valleys or lies predominantly in a single valley (chosen by the direction of
propagation). We show, using a tight-binding model calculation, that a
nonequilibrium valley polarization can be realized in a sheet of graphene, upon
injection of current through a ballistic point contact with zigzag edges. The
polarity can be inverted by local application of a gate voltage to the point
contact region. Two valley filters in series may function as an
electrostatically controlled ``valley valve'', representing a
zero-magnetic-field counterpart to the familiar spin valve.Comment: RevTeX, 4 pages, 5 figure
Radio Emission from Ultra-Cool Dwarfs
The 2001 discovery of radio emission from ultra-cool dwarfs (UCDs), the very
low-mass stars and brown dwarfs with spectral types of ~M7 and later, revealed
that these objects can generate and dissipate powerful magnetic fields. Radio
observations provide unparalleled insight into UCD magnetism: detections extend
to brown dwarfs with temperatures <1000 K, where no other observational probes
are effective. The data reveal that UCDs can generate strong (kG) fields,
sometimes with a stable dipolar structure; that they can produce and retain
nonthermal plasmas with electron acceleration extending to MeV energies; and
that they can drive auroral current systems resulting in significant
atmospheric energy deposition and powerful, coherent radio bursts. Still to be
understood are the underlying dynamo processes, the precise means by which
particles are accelerated around these objects, the observed diversity of
magnetic phenomenologies, and how all of these factors change as the mass of
the central object approaches that of Jupiter. The answers to these questions
are doubly important because UCDs are both potential exoplanet hosts, as in the
TRAPPIST-1 system, and analogues of extrasolar giant planets themselves.Comment: 19 pages; submitted chapter to the Handbook of Exoplanets, eds. Hans
J. Deeg and Juan Antonio Belmonte (Springer-Verlag
Experimental observation of the optical spin-orbit torque
Spin polarized carriers electrically injected into a magnet from an external
polarizer can exert a spin transfer torque (STT) on the magnetization. The phe-
nomenon belongs to the area of spintronics research focusing on manipulating
magnetic moments by electric fields and is the basis of the emerging
technologies for scalable magnetoresistive random access memories. In our
previous work we have reported experimental observation of the optical
counterpart of STT in which a circularly polarized pump laser pulse acts as the
external polarizer, allowing to study and utilize the phenomenon on several
orders of magnitude shorter timescales than in the electric current induced
STT. Recently it has been theoretically proposed and experimentally
demonstrated that in the absence of an external polarizer, carriers in a magnet
under applied electric field can develop a non-equilibrium spin polarization
due to the relativistic spin-orbit coupling, resulting in a current induced
spin-orbit torque (SOT) acting on the magnetization. In this paper we report
the observation of the optical counterpart of SOT. At picosecond time-scales,
we detect excitations of magnetization of a ferromagnetic semiconductor
(Ga,Mn)As which are independent of the polarization of the pump laser pulses
and are induced by non-equilibrium spin-orbit coupled photo-holes.Comment: 4 figure, supplementary information. arXiv admin note: text overlap
with arXiv:1101.104
New directions in cellular therapy of cancer: a summary of the summit on cellular therapy for cancer
A summit on cellular therapy for cancer discussed and presented advances related to the use of adoptive cellular therapy for melanoma and other cancers. The summit revealed that this field is advancing rapidly. Conventional cellular therapies, such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), are becoming more effective and more available. Gene therapy is becoming an important tool in adoptive cell therapy. Lymphocytes are being engineered to express high affinity T cell receptors (TCRs), chimeric antibody-T cell receptors (CARs) and cytokines. T cell subsets with more naïve and stem cell-like characteristics have been shown in pre-clinical models to be more effective than unselected populations and it is now possible to reprogram T cells and to produce T cells with stem cell characteristics. In the future, combinations of adoptive transfer of T cells and specific vaccination against the cognate antigen can be envisaged to further enhance the effectiveness of these therapies
Skin Cancers Among Albinos at a University Teaching Hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: A Retrospective Review of 64 Cases.
Skin cancers are a major risk associated with albinism and are thought to be a major cause of death in African albinos. The challenges associated with the care of these patients are numerous and need to be addressed. The aim of this study was to outline the pattern and treatment outcome of skin cancers among albinos treated at our centre and to highlight challenges associated with the care of these patients and proffer solutions for improved outcome. This was a retrospective study of all albinos with a histopathological diagnosis of skin cancer seen at Bugando Medical Centre from March 2001 to February 2010. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 64 patients were studied. The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The median age of patients was 30 years. The median duration of illness at presentation was 24 months. The commonest reason for late presentation was financial problem. Head and the neck was the most frequent site afflicted in 46(71.8%) patients. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histopathological type in 75% of cases. Surgical operation was the commonest modality of treatment in 60 (93.8%) patients. Radiotherapy was given in 24(37.5%) patients. Twenty-seven (42.2%) of the patients did not complete their treatment due to lack of funds. Local recurrence following surgical treatment was recorded in 6 (30.0%) patients. Only thirty-seven (61.7%) patients were available for follow-up at 6-12 months and the remaining patients were lost to follow-up. Skin cancers are the most common cancers among albinos in our environment. Albinism and exposure to ultraviolet light appears to be the most important risk factor in the development of these cancers. Late presentation and failure to complete treatment due to financial difficulties and lack of radiotherapy services at our centre are major challenges in the care of these patients. Early institution of preventive measures, early presentation and treatment, and follow-up should be encouraged in this population for better outcome
PET brain imaging in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy
Effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lead to a significant reduction in the prevalence and incidence of central nervous system (CNS) HIV-associated brain disease, particularly CNS opportunistic infections and HIV encephalitis. Despite this, cognitive deficits in people living with HIV, also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) have become more prevalent in recent years. The pathogenesis of HAND is likely to be multifactorial, however recent evidence suggests that brain microglial activation is the most likely pathogenic mechanism. Recent developments in positron emission tomography (PET) brain neuroimaging using novel brain radioligands targeting a variety of physiological changes in the brains of HIV-positive individuals have improved our understanding of the mechanisms associated with the development of HAND. This review will highlight recent PET brain neuroimaging studies in the cART era, focusing on physiological and neurochemical changes associated with HAND in people living with HIV
Mitochondrial targeting adaptation of the hominoid-specific glutamate dehydrogenase driven by positive Darwinian selection
Many new gene copies emerged by gene duplication in hominoids, but little is known with respect to their functional evolution. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) is an enzyme central to the glutamate and energy metabolism of the cell. In addition to the single, GLUD-encoding gene present in all mammals (GLUD1), humans and apes acquired a second GLUD gene (GLUD2) through retroduplication of GLUD1, which codes for an enzyme with unique, potentially brain-adapted properties. Here we show that whereas the GLUD1 parental protein localizes to mitochondria and the cytoplasm, GLUD2 is specifically targeted to mitochondria. Using evolutionary analysis and resurrected ancestral protein variants, we demonstrate that the enhanced mitochondrial targeting specificity of GLUD2 is due to a single positively selected glutamic acid-to-lysine substitution, which was fixed in the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of GLUD2 soon after the duplication event in the hominoid ancestor ~18–25 million years ago. This MTS substitution arose in parallel with two crucial adaptive amino acid changes in the enzyme and likely contributed to the functional adaptation of GLUD2 to the glutamate metabolism of the hominoid brain and other tissues. We suggest that rapid, selectively driven subcellular adaptation, as exemplified by GLUD2, represents a common route underlying the emergence of new gene functions
A novel regulatory circuit specifies cell fate in the Arabidopsis root epidermis
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75165/1/j.1399-3054.2006.00606.x.pd
Who Watches the Watchmen? An Appraisal of Benchmarks for Multiple Sequence Alignment
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a fundamental and ubiquitous technique
in bioinformatics used to infer related residues among biological sequences.
Thus alignment accuracy is crucial to a vast range of analyses, often in ways
difficult to assess in those analyses. To compare the performance of different
aligners and help detect systematic errors in alignments, a number of
benchmarking strategies have been pursued. Here we present an overview of the
main strategies--based on simulation, consistency, protein structure, and
phylogeny--and discuss their different advantages and associated risks. We
outline a set of desirable characteristics for effective benchmarking, and
evaluate each strategy in light of them. We conclude that there is currently no
universally applicable means of benchmarking MSA, and that developers and users
of alignment tools should base their choice of benchmark depending on the
context of application--with a keen awareness of the assumptions underlying
each benchmarking strategy.Comment: Revie
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