The Impact of Congress, Public Opinion, and the Media on United States Foreign Policy: The Case of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide

This thesis analyzes U.S. foreign policy and presidential decision-making during an international crisis. I use a case study analysis of the 1994 Rwandan genocide to determine the impact of Congress, public opinion, and the media on President Bill Clinton\u27s foreign policies during the crisis. To accurately analyze these relationships, I present data on Clinton\u27s behavior and policies during the Rwandan crisis. I argue that in the initial stages of an international crisis Congress, the public, and the media will be more likely to approve of the president\u27s polices while in the latter stages Congress, the public, and the media will be more likely to disapprove of the president\u27s policies. I define the initial stages of an international crisis as the first half of the crisis and I define the latter stages of an international crisis as the second half of the crisis. Using Congressional data, public opinion polls, and media reporting through the New York Times my research finds that Congress, the public, and the media were supportive and uncritical towards the president during the initial stages of the international crisis in Rwanda. However, during the latter stages of the crisis, I find that Congress and the media opposed and criticized the president\u27s policies, while public opinion was more likely to approve and support the policies pursued by the president

Small Scale Anaerobic Digestion in an Urban Environment

Climate change is quickly impacting the environment . Humans are an active contributor to the increasing rates of climate change; food waste contributes to 8% of greenhouse gasses. At Loyola University of Chicago there is a need to work towards reducing this carbon footprint, this can be done using Loyola’s food waste. The food waste can be captured and utilized in the processes of anaerobic digestion to create biogas. Anerobic digestion follows four steps, hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Introducing this program to Loyola will help eliminate food waste and benefit the environment. In order to accomplish Loyola\u27s net carbon goals, we have experimented with small-scale anaerobic digesters to test this beneficial program

Reducing Food Waste Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emission Through the Use of Anerobic Digesters

The small batch anaerobic digesters resemble the reactors that could one day be used on our campus. In this experiment diluting the inoculum as pretreatment was tested. To test this digester drawl was taken from Metropolitan Water Reclamation District and diluted with various amounts of water. Each reactor was then fed the same amount of substrate. To measure which treatment was more effective the amount of total gas and methane produced by each treatment was collected. Each reactor was fed twice more. It can be concluded that diluting the inoculum as a form of pretreatment is not effective

UTILIZING BIOREACTORS TO REMOVE​ DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS IN WASTEWAT

An abundance of nutrients wastewater, including nitrogen and phosphorus, has led to algae covering the walls and floors of three pools within one water treatment system for the sponsor. Although algae growth within water systems poses no severe health risk, the amount of growth (up to 10,000 square feet) is an aesthetic issue. The goal is to design and implement a bioreactor to remove the dissolved nutrients attributed to algae growth in the water. After researching different types of biological filters, the solution that fits within constraints best is an attached growth biological filter with plastic media

Information And Voting In Senate Elections

Several recent studies on information shortcuts and electoral vote choice show that challenges to classic democratic theory are largely exaggerated. Namely, there is now convincing evidence towards Americans having the ability to cast votes that are representative of their own political preferences. Research on such heuristics largely depend on presidential election data however, and it remains uncertain how voters respond to less salient elections where candidate information may not be as apparent and electoral communication efforts are more dismal. This study utilizes a voting correctly measure previously developed to analyze the ability of voters during Senate elections. Special attention in this study is given towards individual characteristics and campaign characteristics. First, individual characteristics, such as social and demographic variables, are expected to have an effect on voting correctly based on previous political behavior studies noting group disparities among political interest, knowledge, engagement, and turnout. Second, campaign characteristics are hypothesized to have an effect on quality voting based on literature explaining how campaigns matter in an informational sense. The findings reported in this study provide lackluster evidence towards the ability of voters to make preferred decisions based on limited information and minimal campaign effects on correct voting

Actual infinity and pure calculation : the legacy of Archimedes through the Palimpsest of Codex C

The Archimedes Palimpsest, otherwise known as Codex C, contains two new treatises of the\ud great mathematician and mechanical engineer, Archimedes of Syracuse. The first treatise, The Method\ud of Mechanical Theorems, was read in part by J.L. Heiburg in 1906, but its critically important\ud proposition 14 was first read in the last decade using modern imaging techniques. Proposition 14\ud indicates that Archimedes knew certain principles of infinite summation, calculated with actual\ud infinity, and foresaw modern Set Theory. These are critical concepts to the development of calculus\ud and advanced mathematics, and they also undermine the nature of what historians of science have\ud long believed of ancient Greek mathematics. The second treatise found in the palimpsest is the\ud Stomachion in which Archimedes relies on a 14 piece tangram puzzle to perform pure calculations and\ud use combinatorics. The content of these two treatises create a new and more developed role for\ud Archimedes within the history of science as they show him to be both the father of calculus and the\ud father of combinatorics. This paper assesses the content of these treatises, their importance within\ud the history of science, and how they alter our perception of Archimedes

Adaptation of MHPSS in camps in the context of COVID-19

The pandemic has placed significant additional mental and emotional burdens on forced migrants. MHPSS interventions must be adapted to meet this challenge and not be overlooked in the wake of containment and mitigation efforts

An Attributional Style Questionnaire for General Use

Explanatory style is a cognitive personality variable with diverse correlates reflecting good versus bad adaptation. It is usually measured with the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), but existing versions of this instrument can be difficult for research participants to complete without close supervision. We describe a new version of the ASQ and its use in a mail survey of 146 college students. Results support its efficiency, reliability, and validity. A satisfactory response rate of 70%o was attained. Very few items were omitted among the questionnaires returned (1.3%). Subscale reliabilities were satisfactory (alphas > .70), and the new ASQ correlated with reports of depressive symptoms (rs > .28), suggesting its appropriateness for general use with adults, including survey research.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68618/2/10.1177_073428299601400201.pd