623 research outputs found

    A simple transformation independent method for outlier definition

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    Abstract Background: Definition and elimination of outliers is a key element for medical laboratories establishing or verifying reference intervals (RIs). Especially as inclusion of just a few outlying observations may seriously affect the determination of the reference limits. Many methods have been developed for definition of outliers. Several of these methods are developed for the normal distribution and often data require transformation before outlier elimination. Methods: We have developed a non-parametric transformation independent outlier definition. The new method relies on drawing reproducible histograms. This is done by using defined bin sizes above and below the median. The method is compared to the method recommended by CLSI/IFCC, which uses Box-Cox transformation (BCT) and Tukey’s fences for outlier definition. The comparison is done on eight simulated distributions and an indirect clinical datasets. Results: The comparison on simulated distributions shows that without outliers added the recommended method in general defines fewer outliers. However, when outliers are added on one side the proposed method often produces better results. With outliers on both sides the methods are equally good. Furthermore, it is found that the presence of outliers affects the BCT, and subsequently affects the determined limits of current recommended methods. This is especially seen in skewed distributions. The proposed outlier definition reproduced current RI limits on clinical data containing outliers. Conclusions: We find our simple transformation independent outlier detection method as good as or better than the currently recommended methods. </jats:sec

    Teknisk prosjektering av delstrekning E39 Hove - ÅlgĂ„rd

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    E39 ÅlgĂ„rd - Hove er en del av utbyggingen av E39 mellom Kristiansand og Trondheim. Statens vegvesen har ikke nok penger til Ă„ utfĂžre byggingen av en firefelts motorveg pĂ„ E39 fra Hove til ÅlgĂ„rd, derfor skal det lages en midlertidig lĂžsning som skal vare helt til det blir samlet nok penger for Ă„ fullfĂžre prosjektet. Den midlertidige lĂžsningen starter fra Myrland bru fram til og med Oslikrysset. Oslikrysset er krysset der Osliveien mĂžter E39 500 m nord for BrĂ„steinvatnet. Oslikrysset er et ulykkes utsatt kryss sĂ„ det mĂ„ derfor gjĂžres trafikksikkerhetsmessige tiltak. Det er ogsĂ„ en gang- sykkelveg som heter Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien som strekker seg parallelt med E39 som skal sikre et godt tilbud for gĂ„ende og syklende. I den permanente lĂžsningen som skal starte nĂ„r det er samlet nok midler til gjennomfĂžring av prosjektet, skal fjerne Oslikrysset helt og all trafikk til og fra Osli vil gĂ„ via Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien som vil bli bygd ut for Ă„ hĂ„ndtere dette. Det skal bygges ut motorveg i nytt trase som blir nye E39.   Oppgaven gir en analyse av prosjektomrĂ„det, deretter gĂ„r den inn pĂ„ teori om forskjellige tiltak innenfor trafikksikkerhet og andre viktige begrep innen veg prosjektering. ÅDT beregninger blir utfĂžrt og flere alternativer til dagens lĂžsning blir presentert. Avslutningsvis blir det sett pĂ„ prosjektering av valgt lĂžsning og hvilke konsekvenser som vil fĂžlge av denne lĂžsningen.  Oppgaven legger vekt pĂ„ Trafikksikkerhetsmessige lĂžsninger og hvilke konsekvenser disse valgene har for Oslikrysset og Osli. Det er ogsĂ„ laget tekniske tegninger for prosjektomrĂ„det. Det vil ogsĂ„ konkluderes med om det er laget en god midlertidig lĂžsning av overgangen fra 4 felts motorveg til den eksisterende 2 felts vegen og det vil bli vurdert hvordan krysslĂžsningen vil pĂ„virke Osli.  The development of E39 between Kristiansand and Trondheim includes E39 ÅlgĂ„rd - Hove. Since the Norwegian Public Roads Administration does not have the funds to construct a four-lane highway on E39 from Hove to ÅlgĂ„rd, a temporary solution will be used until sufficient funds are raised to complete the project. The temporary solution extends from the Myrland bridge to Oslikrysset. Oslikrysset is 500 meters north of BrĂ„steinvatnet, where Osliveien joins E39. Because the Osli junction is prone to accidents, traffic safety precautions must be implemented. There is also the Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien pedestrian cycle route, which runs parallel to E39 and provides a decent option for pedestrians and cyclists. When enough funds have been raised to complete the project, Oslikrysset will be totally dismantled, and all traffic to and from Osli will be routed through Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien, which will be extended to accommodate this. E39 will be upgraded to a four-lane highway all the way to ÅlgĂ„rd.    The thesis begins with an analysis of the project region, then moves on to theory regarding various traffic safety measures and other significant road design principles. Calculations of the Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) creates different alternatives to the current solution. Finally, the chosen design solution is examined, as well as the repercussions that will result from it.    The thesis focuses on traffic safety measures and their implications for Oslikrysset and Osli. Technical drawings for the project area have also been created. It will also be determined whether a good interim solution for the transition from the 4-lane highway to the present 2-lane road has been found, as well as the impact of the intersection solution on Osli

    Teknisk prosjektering av delstrekning E39 Hove - ÅlgĂ„rd

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    E39 ÅlgĂ„rd -Hove er en del av utbyggingen av E39 mellom Kristiansand og Trondheim. Statens vegvesen har ikke nok penger til Ă„ utfĂžre byggingen av en firefelts motorveg pĂ„ E39 fra Hove til ÅlgĂ„rd, derfor skal det lages en midlertidig lĂžsning som skal vare helt til det blir samlet nokpenger for Ă„ fullfĂžre prosjektet. Den midlertidige lĂžsningen starter fra Myrland bru fram til og med Oslikrysset. Oslikrysset er krysset der Osliveien mĂžter E39 500 m nord for BrĂ„steinvatnet. Oslikrysset er et ulykkes utsatt kryss sĂ„ det mĂ„ derfor gjĂžres trafikksikkerhetsmessige tiltak. Det er ogsĂ„ en gang-sykkelveg som heter Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien som strekker seg parallelt med E39 som skal sikre et godt tilbud for gĂ„ende og syklende. I den permanente lĂžsningen som skal starte nĂ„r det er samlet nok midler til gjennomfĂžring av prosjektet, skal fjerne Oslikrysset helt og all trafikk til og fra Osli vil gĂ„ via Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien som vil bli bygd ut for Ă„ hĂ„ndtere dette. Det skal bygges ut motorveg i nytt trase som blir nye E39. Oppgaven gir en analyse av prosjektomrĂ„det, deretter gĂ„r den inn pĂ„ teori om forskjellige tiltak innenfor trafikksikkerhet og andre viktige begrep innen veg prosjektering. ÅDT beregninger blir utfĂžrt og flere alternativer til dagens lĂžsning blir presentert. Avslutningsvis blir det sett pĂ„ prosjektering av valgt lĂžsning og hvilke konsekvenser som vil fĂžlge av denne lĂžsningen.Oppgaven legger vekt pĂ„ Trafikksikkerhetsmessige lĂžsninger og hvilke konsekvenser disse valgene har for Oslikrysset og Osli. Det er ogsĂ„ laget tekniske tegninger for prosjektomrĂ„det. Det vil ogsĂ„ konkluderes med omdet er laget en god midlertidig lĂžsning av overgangen fra 4 felts motorveg til den eksisterende 2 felts vegen og det vil bli vurdert hvordan krysslĂžsningen vil pĂ„virke OslThe development of E39 between Kristiansand and Trondheim includes E39 ÅlgĂ„rd -Hove. Since the Norwegian Public Roads Administration does not have the funds to construct a four-lane highway on E39 from Hove to ÅlgĂ„rd, a temporary solution will be used until sufficient funds are raised to complete the project. The temporary solution extends from the Myrland bridge to Oslikrysset. Oslikrysset is 500 meters north of BrĂ„steinvatnet, where Osliveien joins E39. Because the Osli junctionis prone to accidents, traffic safety precautions must be implemented. There is also the Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien pedestrian cycle route, which runs parallel to E39 and provides a decent option for pedestrians and cyclists. When enough funds have been raised to complete the project, Oslikrysset will be totally dismantled, and all traffic to and from Osli will be routed through Gamle ÅlgĂ„rdsveien, which will be extended to accommodate this. E39 will be upgraded to a four-lane highway all the way to ÅlgĂ„rd.The thesis begins with an analysis of the project region, then moves on to theory regarding various traffic safety measures and other significant road design principles.Calculations of the Average Annual Daily Traffic(AADT)createsdifferent alternatives to the current solution. Finally, the chosen design solution is examined, as well as the repercussions that will result from it.The thesis focuses on traffic safety measures and their implications for Oslikrysset and Osli. Technical drawings for the project area have also been created. It will also be determined whether a good interim solution for the transition from the 4-lane highway to the present 2-lane road has been found, as well as the impact of the intersection solution on Os

    Treatment following myocardial infarction in patients with schizophrenia

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    A correlation between excess mortality from myocardial infarctions (MI) and schizophrenia has already been established. What remains unclear is whether the initial communication between the treating doctor and the corresponding patient contributes to this excess mortality.The aim of this study is to investigate whether a patient with schizophrenia receives the same offers for examination and treatment following a MI compared to a psychiatric healthy control (PHC).This cohort study includes patients diagnosed with schizophrenia at the time of their first MI (n = 47) in the years between 1995-2015 matched 1:2 to psychiatric healthy MI patients on gender, age and year of first MI. All existing hospital files for the 141 patients were thoroughly reviewed and the number of offered and accepted examinations and treatments were extracted for comparisons between the two groups.In general patients with schizophrenia were less likely to be offered and accept examination and at the same time be offered and accept treatment as compared to PHCs (p<0.01). In addition, there was a statistical trend towards patients with schizophrenia being more likely to decline examination (p = 0.10) and decline treatment (p = 0.09) compared to PHCs, while being offered examination and being offered treatment both contributed statistically insignificantly to the overall discrepancy between the two patient groups.Being diagnosed with schizophrenia limits the treatment received following a first MI compared to PHCs. However, we are unable to pinpoint, whether Physician bias, patient's unwillingness to receive health care or both contribute to the excess mortality seen in these comorbid patients
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