809 research outputs found

    Sovereignty over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands

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    I Östkinesiska havet finns en avlĂ€gset belĂ€gen ögrupp bestĂ„ende av fem öar och tre karga klippor. Ögruppen utgörs av en nödtorftig vegetation och det förefaller inte finnas nĂ„got sötvatten. PĂ„ grund av ögruppens ogĂ€stvĂ€nliga egenskaper har öarna genom historien ansetts vara av mycket litet ekonomiskt vĂ€rde och de har sedan urminnes tider, bortsett frĂ„n en kortare period i början av 1900-talet, varit obebodda. Denna ögrupp benĂ€mns pĂ„ Kinesiska för Diaoyu och pĂ„ Japanska för Senkaku och sedan 1971 gör bĂ„de Japan, Folkrepubliken Kina och Republiken Kina suverĂ€nitetsansprĂ„k pĂ„ ögruppen. Denna dispyt uppstod som en följd av en FN sponsrad undersökning som genomfördes 1968 vilken uppmĂ€rksammade att stora olje- och gasfyndigheter kunde finnas i nĂ€rheten av dessa öar. Även om dagens dispyt uppkom som en konsekvens av oljefyndigheterna sĂ„ Ă€r de potentiella ekonomiska fördelarna lĂ„ngt ifrĂ„n de enda anledningarna till varför motsĂ€ttningar relaterade till denna dispyt fortsĂ€tter att blossa upp idag. Den frĂ€msta anledningen till dessa motsĂ€ttningar Ă€r relaterad till nationalism, frĂ„n bĂ„de kinesisk och japansk sida, vilket fortsĂ€tter att försvĂ„ra för en lösning pĂ„ konflikten. Japan innehar idag de facto kontroll över ögruppen, vilket hon har gjort sedan 1972 dĂ„ USA Ă„terlĂ€mnade den administrativa kontroll USA hade erhĂ„llit efter andra vĂ€rldskrigets slut. Denna kontroll Ă€r ytterligare stĂ€rkt av det ömsesidiga försvarsavtalet mellan USA och Japan vilket Ă€ven omfattar de bestridda öarna. Det Japanska suverĂ€nitetsansprĂ„ket Ă€r baserat pĂ„ ockupation, vilket Ă€r en av de etablerade metoderna att förvĂ€rva territorium. Japan pĂ„stĂ„r sig ha upptĂ€ckt öarna 1885 och efter en tioĂ„rsperiod av undersökningar rörande ögruppens status, beslutat att införliva dem 1895. Japan pĂ„stĂ„r vidare att de har vidmakthĂ„llit denna suverĂ€nitet sedan dess samt att ögruppen inte var avtalsinnehĂ„ll i vare sig Shimonosekiavtalet eller nĂ„gon av de deklarationer som undertecknades under eller strax efter andra vĂ€rldskrigets slut (Krigsdeklarationerna). TraktatrĂ€tten Ă€r dĂ€rför irrelevant i förhĂ„llande till suverĂ€nitetsfrĂ„gan enligt den japanska argumentationen. Folkrepubliken Kina och Republiken Kinas instĂ€llningar Ă€r i grunden densamma eftersom de har ett gemensamt förflutet. InstĂ€llningarna skiljer sig Ă„t endast i relation till hĂ€ndelser som intrĂ€ffade efter 1949. Den kinesiska instĂ€llningen Ă€r ocksĂ„ baserad pĂ„ metoden ockupation, Kina pĂ„stĂ„r sig ha upptĂ€ckt och namngett ögruppen före eller under Ming dynastin (1368-1644) och dĂ€refter behandlat dem i enlighet med de rekvisit folkrĂ€tten krĂ€ver för ockupation fram tills undertecknandet av Shimonosekiavtalet 17 april 1895, genom vilket ögruppen avtrĂ€ddes till förmĂ„n för Japan. Enligt Kina sĂ„ var sedan ögruppen lagligen Japansk frĂ„n 1895 till 1945 dĂ„ Japan formellt kapitulerade. Som avtalsinnehĂ„ll till det dokument som Japan dĂ„ undertecknade var tvĂ„ andra krigsdeklarationer vilka förpliktade Japan att Ă„terge suverĂ€niteten till Kina, enligt den kinesiska uppfattningen. Om en domstol eller tribunal nĂ„gonsin skulle döma i den aktuella dispyten, skulle den dömande institutionen behövs ta stĂ€llning till en rad juridiska spörsmĂ„l som bĂ„de Ă€r fallspecifika och av generellt folkrĂ€ttsligt intresse. Ett sĂ„dant spörsmĂ„l, vilket möjligen Ă€r den mest kontroversiella aspekten av denna uppsats, relaterar till huruvida folkrĂ€ttens regelverk rörande förvĂ€rv av territorium kan appliceras i icke vĂ€sterlĂ€ndska delar av vĂ€rlden vilka historiskt reglerats av andra system rörande internationella relationer samt koncept rörande suverĂ€nitet. Eftersom kinesiska akademiker har argumenterat att folkrĂ€tten inte lĂ€mpar sig till att döma i den innevarande konflikten eftersom Ostasien Ă€r uppbyggt kring andra idĂ©er om internationella relationer, har denna uppsats inkluderat ett alternativt regelverk, vilket har analyserats parallellt med folkrĂ€ttens regler rörande ockupation. Även om denna uppsats har författats frĂ„n ett perspektiv liknande en domstols eller tribunals, sĂ„ har inte syftet med uppsatsen varit att slutgiltigt döma i tvisten och fastslĂ„ vilken stat som har det starkaste ansprĂ„ket. Med detta sagt sĂ„ Ă€r det författarens uppfattning att, baserat pĂ„ den historiska data som behandlats och med de sprĂ„kliga översĂ€ttningar som accepterats i uppsatsen, Japan förefaller ha ett starkare ansprĂ„k. Styrkan i det japanska ansprĂ„ket hĂ€rrör framförallt frĂ„n det andra benet av intertemporal law, vilket i fall rörande förvĂ€rv av territorium premierar den stat som vid den kritiska tidpunkten uppfyller rekvisiten att ”faktiskt, bestĂ€ndigt och fredligt uppvisa statsfunktioner i relation till territoriet”. Den japanska kontrollen mellan 1895-1952 förefaller uppfylla dessa krav och den amerikanska administrationen, 1952-1972, syftade inte till att pĂ„verka den underliggande suverĂ€niteten och dĂ€rför vidmakthöll Japan dess suverĂ€nitet. Det japanska ansprĂ„ket stĂ€rks ytterligare av det faktum att Japan förefaller ha starkare argumentation i förhĂ„llande till varje övergripande juridiskt spörsmĂ„l som uppsatsen behandlat. Det första sĂ„dana spörsmĂ„let som diskuterades var huruvida Kina nĂ„gonsin förvĂ€rvade suverĂ€nitet. SvĂ„righeten med denna analys bestod i att folkrĂ€ttens krav rörande ockupation under den relevanta tidsperioden inte blivit tillrĂ€ckligt preciserade. Författaren Ă€r av uppfattningen att en moderat ansats, dĂ€r endast visuell upptĂ€ckt inte Ă€r tillrĂ€ckligt för att erhĂ„lla suverĂ€nitet, Ă€r mest förnuftig and dĂ€rför har Kina ett svagare folkrĂ€ttsligt ansprĂ„k. Skulle dĂ€remot den politiska verklighet som historiskt prĂ€glat Ostasien tas med i bedömningen, har Kina ett starkare ansprĂ„k. Det andra spörsmĂ„let som diskuterades var frĂ„gan om genom vilken metod Japan förvĂ€rvade suverĂ€nitet. Rörande denna frĂ„ga Ă€r författaren av uppfattningen att det inte gĂ„r att utlĂ€sa frĂ„n Shimonosekiavtalet att ögruppen var avtalsinnehĂ„ll. Dessutom kan den japanska inkorporeringsprocessen, hur svekfull den Ă€n mĂ„ ha varit, svĂ„rligen göra inkorporeringen ogiltig. Det tredje spörsmĂ„let som diskuterades var huruvida krigsdeklarationerna förpliktade Japan att Ă„terlĂ€mna ögruppen till Kina. Rörande denna frĂ„ga Ă€r författaren av uppfattningen att ett sĂ„dant synsĂ€tt inte kan belĂ€ggas eftersom ingen av dessa deklarationer avsĂ„g att behandla frĂ„gan om suverĂ€nitet över ögruppen.Situated in the East China Sea lays a remotely located island group consisting of five small islands and three barren rocks. The islands sustain scarce vegetation and there’s most likely no fresh water on the islands. Due to their inhospitable character, the islands have historically been considered to be of little economic value and they have since ancient times, apart from a short period during the early 20th century, been uninhabited. The island group is known in Chinese as Diaoyu and in Japanese as Senkaku and since 1971, Japan, the PRC and the ROC all claim sovereignty over the islands. The dispute arouse as a consequence of a UN sponsored survey in 1968, which suggested that large oil and gas deposits might be located in the vicinity of the islands. Although the present dispute emerged as a consequence of the oil discovery, the potential economic benefits are far from the only reason why the dispute remains alive today. The main reason why tensions keep re-erupting relates to Chinese and Japanese nationalism, which continue to impede on any possible solution. Today, Japan is in de facto control over the islands, which she has been since 1972 when the US reverted the administrative powers it had acquired following the end of World War II. This control is additionally strengthened by the mutual defense treaty between the US and Japan which covers the disputed islands. The Japanese sovereignty claim is based on occupation, which is one of the established modes of territorial acquisition. Japan claims to have discovered the islands in 1885 and after ten years of investigation regarding the status of the islands, decided to incorporate them in 1895. Japan further claims to have maintained sovereign title to the islands ever since and the islands weren’t an integral part of neither the Treaty of Shimonoseki nor the declarations signed during and shortly after the end of World War II (the Wartime declarations). Treaty law is therefore irrelevant to the sovereignty issue, according to the Japanese stance. The stances by the PRC and the ROC are fundamentally the same since they share a common history. The stances deviate only in relation to events that occurred after 1949. The Chinese stance is also based on the mode of occupation, they claim to have discovered and named the islands prior or during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and then treated the islands in accordance with the international law requirements of occupation until the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki on April 17, 1895, through which the islands were ceded to Japan. According to the Chinese stance, the islands were lawfully Japanese from 1895 until 1945 when Japan formally surrendered. This document of surrender incorporated two other Wartime declarations, which obliged Japan to return sovereignty of the islands to China, according to the Chinese stance. Should a court or tribunal ever adjudicate the present dispute, the adjudicating body would have to decide on a number of legal issues that are both case-specific and of general interest to the international law discipline. One such issue, and arguably the most controversial feature of this paper, relates to the applicability of the international law rules of territorial acquisition in non-western parts of the world, which historically have been governed by a different system of international relations and different notions of sovereignty. Since Chinese scholars have contended that international law cannot appropriately adjudicate the present dispute since East Asia is founded on different ideas of international relations, this paper introduced an alternative framework which was analyzed parallel to the international law requirements of occupation. Although this paper was written from a perspective similar to that of a court or tribunal, the purpose of the paper wasn’t to decisively adjudicate the present dispute and determine which claimant has the better claim to sovereignty. Having stated this, the author is of the opinion that, based on the historical data presented in this paper together with the linguistic interpretations accepted in this paper, Japan appears to have a stronger claim. The strength of the Japanese claim is primarily derived from the second branch of intertemporal principle, which, in cases of territorial acquisition, favors the state that, at the critical date, fulfills the requirement of “actual, continuous and peaceful display of state functions in regard to the territory”. The Japanese control during 1895-1952 appears to have been sufficient and the US administration, 1952-1972, didn’t aim to affect the underlying sovereignty and therefore, Japan maintained residual sovereignty. The Japanese claim is additionally strengthened by the fact that they appear to have the stronger argument in relation to every enclasping legal issue discussed throughout the paper. The first such issue discussed was whether China ever acquired sovereignty. The difficulty of this analysis is that the international law requirements of occupation during the relevant time haven’t been sufficiently established. The author is of the opinion that a conservative approach, wherein mere visual discovery isn’t enough to establish sovereign title, is more reasonable and therefore, China has a weak case under international law. However, should the political realties of East Asia be taken into account in this evaluation, China has a stronger case. The second issue discussed was through which mode Japan acquired sovereignty. Regarding this matter the author is of the opinion that it cannot be deduced from the Treaty of Shimonoseki that the disputed islands where an integral part. Moreover the Japanese process of incorporation, as deceitful as it may have been, can hardly make the incorporation invalid. The third issue discussed was whether the Wartime declarations obliged Japan to return the islands to China and therefore made them lawfully Chinese. Regarding this matter, the author is of the opinion that such a stance cannot be supported since neither of these declarations where meant to deal with sovereignty of the islands

    Kapitalstruktur i familjeföretag - en studie av Àgarstrukturens inverkan pÄ kapitalstruktur

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    Syftet med denna uppsats Àr att med stöd av tre olika definitioner av familjeföretag, utreda om det föreligger systematiska skillnader mellan kapitalstrukturen i familjeföretag och icke-familjeföretag samt om förekomsten eller avsaknaden av sÄdana, kan förklaras av de teorier och tankegÄngar som presenteras i de praktiska- och teoretiska referensramarna. Uppsatsen har genomförts med hjÀlp av en kvantitativ studie och utgÄtt ifrÄn ett deduktivt perspektiv. Information har inhÀmtats frÄn Ärsredovisningar och med hjÀlp av denna har regressioner genomförts för varje familjevariabel. Resultatet visar att variablerna, storlek, tillvÀxt och andel materiella anlÀggningstillgÄngar pÄvisar signifikant samband pÄ kapitalstruktur, medan familjeÀgande, utdelning och lönsamhet inte gör det. Slutsatsen Àr att agentteorier tillsammans med den praktiska referensramen skapar en komplex bild av familjeföretags incitamentsstruktur och dessutom bidrar problemen med att definiera familjebolag till ökad komplexitet. Sammantaget torde detta kunna förklara varför undersökningens resultat inte kunde pÄvisa nÄgra signifikanta skillnader mellan familjebolag och icke-familjebolag avseende skuldsÀttning

    Repeated Biomarker Measurements in Acquired Heart Disease: Values and Limitations

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    In this thesis, we investigated whether repeatedly measured blood biomarkers more prognostic information than a single baseline measurement. We have investigated this in patients with heart failure and patients who have had an acute coronary syndrome

    Swimmer-tracer scattering at low Reynolds number

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    Understanding the stochastic dynamics of tracer particles in active fluids is important for identifying the physical properties of flow generating objects such as colloids, bacteria or algae. Here, we study both analytically and numerically the scattering of a tracer particle in different types of time-dependent, hydrodynamic flow fields. Specifically, we compare the tracer motion induced by an externally driven colloid with the one generated by various self-motile, multi-sphere swimmers. Our results suggest that force-free swimmers generically induce loop-shaped tracer trajectories. The specific topological structure of these loops is determined by the hydrodynamic properties of the microswimmer. Quantitative estimates for typical experimental conditions imply that the loops survive on average even if Brownian motion effects are taken into account.Comment: 14 pages, to appear in Soft Matte

    Persistently elevated levels of sST2 after acute coronary syndrome are associated with recurrent cardiac events

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    Purpose Higher soluble ST2 (sST2) levels at admission are associated with adverse outcome in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. We studied the dynamics of sST2 over time in post-ACS patients prior to a recurrent ACS or cardiac death. Methods We used the BIOMArCS case cohort, consisting of 187 patients who underwent serial blood sampling during one-year follow-up post-ACS. sST2 was batch-wise quantified after completion of follow-up in a median of 8 (IQR: 5-11) samples per patient. Joint modelling was used to investigate the association between longitudinally measured sST2 and the endpoint, adjusted for gender, GRACE risk score and history of cardiovascular diseases. Results Median age was 64 years and 79% were men. The 36 endpoint patients had systematically higher sST2 levels than those that remained endpoint free (mean value 29.6 ng/ml versus 33.7 ng/ml, p-value 0.052). The adjusted hazard ratio for the endpoint per standard deviation increase of sST2 was 1.64 (95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.34; p = 0.019) at any time point. We could not identify a steady or sudden increase of sST2 in the run-up to the combined endpoint. Conclusion Asymptomatic post-ACS patients with persistently higher sST2 levels are at higher risk of recurrent ACS or cardiac death during one-year follow-up

    Health-related quality of life and cardiac rehabilitation: Does body mass index matter?

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    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between body mass index class and changes in health-related quality of life in patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENTS: A total of 503 patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Data from the OPTICARE trial were used, in which health-related quality of life was measured with the MacNew Heart Disease HRQOL Instrument at the start, directly after, and 9 months after completion of cardiac rehabilitation. Patients were classed as normal weight, overweight, or obese. RESULTS: During cardiac rehabilitation, global health-related quality of life improved in patients in all classes of body mass index. Patients classed as overweight had a significantly greater improvement in social participation than those classed as normal weight (5.51-6.02 compared with 5.73-5.93, respectively; difference in change 0.30, p = 0.025). After completion of cardiac rehabilitation, health-related quality of life continued to improve similarly in patients in all classes of body mass index. CONCLUSION: Health-related quality of life improved during cardiac rehabilitation in patients of all classes of body mass index. Patients classed as overweight showed the greatest improvement. The beneficial effects were maintained during extended follow-up after completion of cardiac rehabilitation

    Two for One: Diffusion Models and Force Fields for Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics

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    Coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics enables the study of biological processes at temporal and spatial scales that would be intractable at an atomistic resolution. However, accurately learning a CG force field remains a challenge. In this work, we leverage connections between score-based generative models, force fields and molecular dynamics to learn a CG force field without requiring any force inputs during training. Specifically, we train a diffusion generative model on protein structures from molecular dynamics simulations, and we show that its score function approximates a force field that can directly be used to simulate CG molecular dynamics. While having a vastly simplified training setup compared to previous work, we demonstrate that our approach leads to improved performance across several small- to medium-sized protein simulations, reproducing the CG equilibrium distribution, and preserving dynamics of all-atom simulations such as protein folding events
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