Compliance of the Directions and Programs of Training in Postgraduate Studies: The Transition Period

The new classification of scientific majors for which academic degrees are awarded and the amendments to the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”, which came into force on September 1, 2021, have significantly changed the list of scientific majors and the status of postgraduate studies. There is a need to establish the correspondence between scientific and pedagogical personnel training directions in postgraduate studies and scientific majors of the Classification 2021, in which academic degrees are awarded. The article presents an analysis of the adapting document “Fields of training in the postgraduate studies of OKSO 2016 – Scientific majors/branches of science of the Classification 2021” and considers measures on the way to reorganize the system of training and certification of academic degree holders

Chronic diseases of adults programmed in childhood

The conditions of human development during the stages of early ontogenesis are of great importance for human health throughout the rest of his life. The period of intrauterine development and childhood are vulnerable stages of organism formation, when metabolic processes have the greatest plasticity and can be subject to deformation. Exposure to a number of external factors during this period of time can have a significant impact on the functional activity of genes controlling neurotransmission, immune response, endocrine functions and, thus, program the spectrum of metabolic disorders that can lead later to the formation of chronic diseases: obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and diseases of cardiovascular system. Negative programming influence on the metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk is caused by such factors as maternal obesity, complicated pregnancy and childbirth, prematurity, early separation from the mother, violation of child feeding in the 1st year of life. The risk of early development of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes mellitus is significantly increased in individuals who have experienced traumatic stressors during childhood associated with economic disadvantage of the family, parental divorce, neglect, abuse, parental neglect, sexual violence, death of parents, family members, close friends, bullying in the children's community. An in-depth study of this problem, along with the development and organization of measures for monitoring and prevention, in the long term can reduce the burden of chronic non-infectious diseases, improve quality of life, reduce disability, incapacitation and mortality in the adult population.

Holographic recording in a photopolymer by optically induced detachment of chromophores

We demonstrate holographic recording in a new photopolymer system. The recording material is created by copolymerization of an optically inert monomer, methyl methacrylate, and a second monomer that is optically sensitive. On exposure of the recording material to light, a portion of the optically sensitive component detaches from the polymer matrix and causes hologram amplification through diffusion of the free molecules. We measured postrecording grating amplifications as high as 170% by this process. The recorded holograms are persistent at room temperature under continuous illumination at the recording wavelength. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America

Antipyretic drugs: benefits and undesirable consequences

Fever is a defensive and adaptive reaction of the body that develops in response to the action of pathogenic stimuli. It often accompanies various infectious, autoimmune, oncohematological and other diseases. Due to the frequent significant deterioration of children's general health, the occurrence of fever in children gives rise to concern not only in parents, but also in pediatricians. According to temperature level, fever can be classified into different categories: subfebrile - 37.1 to 37.9 °C, moderate -38 to 39 °C, febrile - 39.1 to 41 °C and hyperthermic - above 41 °C. By clinical manifestation distinguish benign, or rose, and malignant, or white, fever. The need to use antipyretic drugs depends not only on the hight of the body temperature elevation, but also on the patient's general health. The clinical guidelines state that the use of acetylsalicylic acid, nimesulide and met-amizole to lower the body temperature in children is not recommended, due to high risk of adverse reactions. Ibuprofen and paracetamol are the drugs of choice to lower body temperature in children both in Russia and abroad. Over 120 comparative studies of these two drug formulations have shown their close efficacy, but ibuprofen is most preferred for the treatment of fever and pain. In order to lower body temperature, parents can uncontrollably use antipyretic drugs in various combinations and incorrect dosages, which leads to severe toxic effects. The article presents a clinical case of Reye's syndrome in a 10-year-old girl, which is most likely associated with the use of aspirin as an antipyretic

Четверта міжнародна наукова-практична конференція «Комп’ютерне моделювання в хімії і технологіях та системах сталого розвитку»

Запропоновано підхід до визначення константи швидкості розкладання диборану та товщини дифузійного шару в проточному термохімічному реакторі ізобарного типу за умов осадження твердого осаду у вигляді кристалічного бору на поверхні вуглецевих волокон.Approach for determination of constant speed of decomposition of diborane and thickness deffusive layer in the running thermo-chemical reactor of isobar type at the conditions of setting of incrustation as the crystalline boron on the surface of carbon fibres is offered.Предложен подход для определения константы скорости разложения диборана и толщины дифузионного слоя в проточном термохимическом реакторе изобарного типа в условиях осаждения твердого осадка в виде кристаллического бора на поверхности углеродных волокон

Анализ генома бактерий Bacillus amyloliquefaciens БИМ В-439Д

According to the results of the analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum BIM B-439D, it is established that the genome of the strain is unique and is represented by a single ring chromosome with a size of 3978134 base pair containing 46.5 % G/C-pairs. The key genetic loci determining synthesis of antimicro-bic metabolites are defined: lipopeptides (surfactin, fengycin, bacillomycin D), dipeptide (bacilysin), siderophor (bacillibac-tin), polyketide antibiotics (difficidin and oxydifficidin, bacillaene and macrolactin), bacteriocin (amylocyclicin) and peptide/ polyketide (putative - tyrocidin), restriction-modification systems and mobile genetic elements (IS-elements and prophages) are characterized. The identified features in the organization and localization of individual genetic determinants (for example, intact prophage of 37558 bp) can be used as reliable molecular genetic markers for fast identification of the strain when it is used commercially. The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome can serve as the basis for a detailed functional analysis of the practically significant properties of the microorganisms of the Bacillus group.Согласно результатам анализа полной нуклеотидной последовательности бактерий В. amyloliquefa-ciens subsp. plantarum БИМ В-439Д, установлено, что геном штамма является уникальным и представлен одной кольцевой хромосомой размером 3978134 пар нуклеотидов, содержащей 46,50 % Г/Ц-пар. Определены ключевые генетические локусы, детерминирующие синтез антимикробных метаболитов: липопептидов (сурфактин, фенгицин, бацилломицин D), дипептида (бацилизин), сидерофора (бациллибактин), поликетидных антибиотиков (диффици-дин/оксидиффицидин, бациллен и макролактин), циклического бактериоцина (амилоциклицин), а также пептида/ поликетида (предположительно - тироцидин), охарактеризованы системы рестрикции-модификации и мобильные генетические элементы (IS-элементы и профаги). Выявленные особенности в организации и локализации отдельных генетических детерминант (например, интактный профаг размером 37558 п. н.) могут использоваться в качестве надежных молекулярно-генетических маркеров для быстрой идентификации штамма при его коммерческом использовании. Полная нуклеотидная последовательность генома может служить основой для детального функционального анализа практически значимых свойств микроорганизмов группы Bacillus

The first combined russian experience of using perampanel in children and adolescents with epilepsy in everyday clinical practice

Background. Real world data help to provide more information on the effects and tolerability of therapy. However, data on the use of perampanel in Russian population of children remain limited. aim. To conduct a retrospective analysis of perampanel efficacy and tolerability in children and adolescents with epilepsy in real clinical practice. Materials and methods. A total of 106 children aged 4–18 years receiving perampanel as part of combination therapy for epilepsy were observed at 18 centers. Seizure frequency at 1–3, after 6 and 12 months of treatment, presence and type of adverse events (AEs) were analyzed. The main assessed efficacy parameters were seizure control, significant (≥50 %) decrease in seizure frequency. All other outcomes (<50 % decrease, no change or increased seizure frequency) were considered to be no effect. The assessed safety parameters were the percentage of patients with or without AEs and the percentage of perampanel withdrawals due to AEs. results. We defined 3 age groups for comparison: children 4–6, 7–11 and 12–17 years old. Perampanel efficacy was 69 % (seizure control – 23.6 %, ≥50 % decrease in seizure frequency – 45.3 %). The mean duration of the effect was 7.3 ± 4.1 months. No significant difference in efficacy between age groups was found. However, some greater efficacy of perampanel was noted in adolescents: absence of effect in the form of remission or significant decrease in seizures frequency was noted only in 25.5 %, with 40 % in children 4–11 years old. Among those with inefficacy, 3.8 % reported seizure aggravation. AEs occurred in only 23 % of patients, with the least frequent occurrence in adolescents (11.8 %) and the most frequent in children aged 7–11 years (40 %). The most frequent AEs was sluggishness and/or drowsiness. Discontinuation of perampanel due to AEs was required in 7.6 %. Conclusion. Perampanel has demonstrated high efficacy and good tolerability in real clinical practice among children from 4 years of age and adolescents with partial (focal) and secondary generalized seizures. The AEs that developed were not serious and very rarely led to withdrawal of the therapy. The results are comparable to those of phase III studies and previous real-world data. The usage of perampanel in children with primary generalized seizures should be further investigated. © 2022 ABV-Press Publishing House. All rights reserved.EisaiО.А. Рахманина / O.A. Rakhmanina: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9218-2531 И.В. Волков / I.V. Volkov: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7816-7535 О.К. Волкова / O.K. Volkova: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3314-3895 Ю.А. Александров / Yu.A. Aleksandrov: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3887-5219 М.В. Бархатов / M.V. Barkhatov: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-4677 И.С. Бахтин / I.S. Bakhtin: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-687X Г.М. Бережная / G.M. Berezhnaya: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3917-422X А.Ю. Карась / A.Yu. Karas: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-9627 Д.В. Морозов / D.V. Morozov: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-9143 И.С. Бахтин / I.S. Bakhtin: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-687X Т.Р. Томенко / T.R. Tomenko: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0652-1996 Ж.М. Цоцонава / Zh.M. Tsotsonava: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3275-5099 Конфликт интересов и финансирование. Публикация подготовлена при финансовой поддержке компании «Эйсай». Авторы несут полную ответственность за содержание статьи и редакционные решения. Conflict of interest and funding. This publication was funded by Eisai. The authors are fully responsible for the content of the article and editorial decisions

Paracrine interactions between primary human macrophages and human fibroblasts enhance murine mammary gland humanization in vivo

Abstract Introduction Macrophages comprise an essential component of the mammary microenvironment necessary for normal gland development. However, there is no viable in vivo model to study their role in normal human breast function. We hypothesized that adding primary human macrophages to the murine mammary gland would enhance and provide a novel approach to examine immune-stromal cell interactions during the humanization process. Methods Primary human macrophages, in the presence or absence of ectopic estrogen stimulation, were used to humanize mouse mammary glands. Mechanisms of enhanced humanization were identified by cytokine/chemokine ELISAs, zymography, western analysis, invasion and proliferation assays; results were confirmed with immunohistological analysis. Results The combined treatment of macrophages and estrogen stimulation significantly enhanced the percentage of the total gland humanized and the engraftment/outgrowth success rate. Timecourse analysis revealed the disappearance of the human macrophages by two weeks post-injection, suggesting that the improved overall growth and invasiveness of the fibroblasts provided a larger stromal bed for epithelial cell proliferation and structure formation. Confirming their promotion of fibroblasts humanization, estrogen-stimulated macrophages significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation and invasion in vitro, as well as significantly increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells in humanized glands. Cytokine/chemokine ELISAs, zymography and western analyses identified TNFα and MMP9 as potential mechanisms by which estrogen-stimulated macrophages enhanced humanization. Specific inhibitors to TNFα and MMP9 validated the effects of these molecules on fibroblast behavior in vitro, as well as by immunohistochemical analysis of humanized glands for human-specific MMP9 expression. Lastly, glands humanized with macrophages had enhanced engraftment and tumor growth compared to glands humanized with fibroblasts alone. Conclusions Herein, we demonstrate intricate immune and stromal cell paracrine interactions in a humanized in vivo model system. We confirmed our in vivo results with in vitro analyses, highlighting the value of this model to interchangeably substantiate in vitro and in vivo results. It is critical to understand the signaling networks that drive paracrine cell interactions, for tumor cells exploit these signaling mechanisms to support their growth and invasive properties. This report presents a dynamic in vivo model to study primary human immune/fibroblast/epithelial interactions and to advance our knowledge of the stromal-derived signals that promote tumorigenesis

PEDIATRICIAN’S APPROACH TO THE CHOICE OF MEDICATION AGAINST COUGH IN CHILDREN

Cough is a common symptom in respiratory pathology which is associated with 30% of all visits to therapist and more than 50% to pediatrician, especially during the period of respiratory infection outbreak. Cough (Latin tussis) is a natural reflex to clear airways. The spectrum of diseases accompanied by cough is varied, thus it is required from a doctor to understand the etiological causes and pathogenic mechanisms of its development to make the adequate choice of therapy

Is it possible to prevent respiratory pathology?

Acute respiratory infections are the most common reason to consult a paediatrician. Children, especially during critical periods of immune response, are one of the most vulnerable groups to infections. The prevention of recurring respiratory infections is very important, especially from the beginning of attending pre-school and school facilities. Since ancient times, preventive measures such as rational daily routine, sufficient physical activity, correction of nutritional status, phytotherapy and homeopathic treatment have been used. In recent years these children have been optimising their vitamin D status and taking antioxidant vitamins, micro- and macronutrients. To date, as a result of innovative research on the human microbiome, information has emerged on its impact on the human body as a whole. The connection of the intestinal microbiota with the brain (gut-brain axis), with the respiratory tract (gut-lung axis), the cardiovascular system, kidneys and even mental health has been proved. The use of multistrain and multispecies probiotics in the prevention of recurrent infections in children opens up new opportunities to influence the child’s immune response and to form food tolerance. Today, a new multistrain multispecies probiotic (manufacturer ADM Protexin, UK) for the prevention of recurrent respiratory infections in  children has appeared on the market. Studies have shown that using several strains of lactobacillus contained in this probiotic leads to more consistent results than monostrains and placebo in the prevention of respiratory diseases.Given the problem of antibiotic resistance, especially in young children, the new possibilities of preventing acute  respiratory diseases in children using multistrain and multispecies probiotics make it possible not only to reduce  the number and severity of episodes of acute respiratory infections, but also to reduce the frequency of antibiotic use