Super-Eddington accretion in the Q2237+0305 quasar?

The interband time lags between the flux variations of the Q2237+0305 quasar have been determined from light curves in the Johnson-Cousins V, R, and I spectral bands. The values of the time lags for filter pairs R-V, I-R, and I-V are significantly higher than those predicted by the standard accretion disk model by Shakura and Sunyaev. To explain the discrepancy, the idea of a supercritical accretion regime in quasars considered in 1973 by Shakura and Sunyaev is applied. This regime has been shown by them to cause an extended scattering envelope around the accretion disk. The envelope efficiently scatters and re-emits the radiation from the accretion disk and thus increases the apparent disk size. We made use of analytical expressions for the envelope radius and temperature derived by Shakura and Sunyaev in their analysis of super-Eddington accretion and show that our results are consistent with the existence of such an envelope. The corresponding parameters of the accretion regime were calculated. They provide the radii of the envelope in the V, R, and I spectral bands consistent with the inter-band time lags determined in our work.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

ETHNIC PECULIARITIES OF SLEEP DISORDERS IN EASTERN SIBERIA

The purpose of this investigation was to study the ethnic peculiarities of sleep disorders in European and Mongoloid races living in Eastern Siberia. In this study we performed questioning of409 respondents of Europeans (Russian) 203 (49.63 %) and Mongoloid (Buryats) 206 (50.37 %) aged 20-60 years. Living in the Irkutsk region and the Buryat Republic. Gender structure: 270females (66.9 %) and 125 males (33.1 %). Standard questionnaire of Stanford Sleep Research Center (USA) included a complex of questions about problems of sleep and their subjective assessment: no problems; light problem, moderate problem, severe problem. PSG-monitoring applying system GRASSTELEFACTOR Twin PSG (Comet) with amplifier As 40 with integrated module for sleep SPM-1 (USA). It was revealed that "light" sleep problems note 25.1 % of native ethnic group respondents (Buryats) and 38.3 % of Russian respondents (p < 0.05). The moderate sleep disorders were characteristic of 8.7 % Buryats and 3.1 % Russian (p < 0.05), and the severe sleep disorders 5.3 % and 2.2 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Severe sleep disorders noted 7.2 % Buryat women versus 1.8 % in the group of Russian women (p < 0.05), among men the severe sleep disorders is significantly higher (23.8 % in the Buryats and Russian 14.6 %, p < 0.05). We identified correlation between body mass index (BMI) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in males of Mongoloid race (with OSA BMI was 33.37 kg/cm2, without 24.86 kg/cm2, p < 0.05). According to the results of the PSG study in males of the both ethnic groups, a higher incidence of moderate and severe OSA in the Buryats (28.2 % and 20.1 %, respectively, p < 0.05). In general, these results confirm the presence of more severe sleep disorders in Mongoloids (including OSA), but certain anatomical features for the formation of OSA we have not found, that require further study

PREDICTING THE RISK OF PROTHROMBOTIC CHANGES IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

Today, the problem of early diagnosis of hematological changes predisposing to the development of thrombotic complications in patients with essential hypertension (EH) is an urgent problem that requires close attention not only of physicians, but also of pediatricians. The aim of the study was the development of prognostic criteria for risk of prothrombotic changes (PC) in adolescents with EH, timely preventive measures and prevention of thrombotic complications. Sixty adolescents with EH without PC and 37 adolescents with EH and PC were examined. We used the following methods: clinical anamnestic (including genealogy), functional and ultrasound, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. To create a mathematical model of forecasting, discriminant analysis was used, with the help of which from the 59 proposed predictors the algorithm selected 8 most informative features: the C777T polymorphism of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, the A66G gene of the methionine synthase reductase gene, the daily diastolic blood pressure level, the level of the nocturnal systolic arterial pressure-time index of hypertension, systolic blood pressure during the day, weighed down by thrombotic genealogically history, early onset of thrombosis, burdened thrombotic genealogical history. Our method for predicting the risk of developing PC allows to place adolescents with EH having an increased risk of developing these coagulation shifts in a separate group, to identify thrombogenic risk in adolescence and, if necessary, to initiate preventive measures in time to reduce the incidence of thrombotic complications of EH and mortality of patients

Voluntary attention in the ontogenesis of adolescents with essential hypertension

The purpose of the research was to study the features of voluntary attention ontogenesis in adolescents with essential hypertension (EH) in age-gender aspects. Materials and methods. We examined 98 adolescents with EH aged 10-18 years (59 males and 39 females). EH was diagnosed with 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring using monitor Oscar 2 for OXFORD Medilog Prima. Ninety-seven healthy age- and gender-matched individuals were controls. All participants were divided into 3 age groups (10-12 years, 13-15 years and 16-18 years old). All children underwent a neuropsychological examination with the use of standard tests. All the differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in voluntary attention parameters in adolescents 10-12 years old in both the main and the control group. However, hypertensive adolescents aged 13-15 years had significantly decreased voluntary attention level in comparison with age-matched individuals in controls. Adolescents in this group spent much more time on testing and admitted a significant number of errors. In the group of older adolescents (16-18 years), the differences between the main and the control group continued to increase. Hypertensive girls have a tendency with better voluntary attention parameters than hypertensive boys. When comparing the tests results between the age groups of hypertensive patients, a tendency to their deterioration as the disease progresses is noted. Conclusion. The results of this study indicate the formation of a rigid pathological functional brain system in the ontogenesis in hypertensive adolescents with the development of brain structures decompensation and voluntary attention impairment

Синдром обструктивного апноэ сна: ночная интермиттирующая гипоксия и активность теломеразного комплекса

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common pathology of the respiratory system characterized by upper airway blockage during sleep. The blockage is caused by intermittent throat collapse and thereby no lung ventilation with preserved respiratory efforts. Earlier we demonstrated that telomeres at the end of chromosomes shorten during intermittent nocturnal hypoxia and sleep fragmentation in OSA patients; the elimination of OSA triggers contributed to an increase in relative telomere length (RTL). The search for the relationship between telomeres and the telomerase complex activity with the sleep stages, as well as indicators of blood oxygen saturation in OSA, seems relevant. Aim. To evaluate the activity of the telomerase complex main components and to determine its relationship with the sleep phases and the level of desaturation in patients with OSA. Methods. The main group included 32 men (age 51.2 ± 3.1 years) with complaints of snoring, respiratory arrest during sleep, and increased daytime sleep. The control group consisted of 26 matched volunteers without clinical manifestations of OSA. Patients of both groups did not have any exacerbations of their chronic conditions at baseline. The study included questionnaires, polysomnography monitoring, analysis of the RLT by PCR, ELISA to determine activity of the telomerase complex components, and statistical analysis. Results. Differences were revealed in the functioning of telomeres and the TERT, TEP1. A positive relationship between the oxygen blood saturation, telomere length and TER1 activity was found in OSA patients. Conclusion. We have identified the decrease in RTL and the telomerase complex activity and proved their positive relationship with the oxygen saturation during intermittent nocturnal hypoxia in OSA patients.Синдром обструктивного апноэ сна (СОАС) относится к распространенной патологии дыхательных путей и характеризуется повторяющимися эпизодами остановки дыхания во время сна вследствие периодического спадения верхних дыхательных путей на уровне глотки и прекращением легочной вентиляции при сохраняющихся дыхательных усилиях. Продемонстрирован факт укорочения в теломерах концевых участков хромосом при интермиттирующей ночной гипоксии и фрагментации сна у пациентов с СОАС, при этом устранение патофизиологических триггеров СОАС способствовало увеличению относительной длины теломер. Актуальным представляется поиск взаимосвязи теломер и активности теломеразного комплекса (ТК) со структурными компонентами сна, показателями насыщения крови кислородом при СОАС. Целью исследования явилась оценка активности основных компонентов ТК и определение его взаимосвязи со структурными компонентами сна и уровнем десатурации у пациентов с СОАС. Материалы и методы. Основную (1-ю) группу составили пациенты (n = 32: 100 % – мужчины; средний возраст – 51,2 ± 3,1 года) с жалобами на храп, остановки дыхания во время сна, повышенную дневную сонливость. Контрольную группу (2-ю) составили добровольцы (n = 26) без клинических проявлений СОАС, подобранные по типу «копия-пара». Обострений хронических заболеваний у пациентов обеих групп не установлено. В рамках исследования проводились анкетирование, полисомнографический мониторинг, определение относительной длины теломер методами полимеразной цепной реакции и иммуноферментного анализа для оценки активности основных компонентов ТК, статистические методы анализа. Результаты. Выявлены достоверные различия в функционировании теломер и ТК – теломеразной обратной транскриптазы (TERT) и белка-1, ассоциированного с теломеразой теломеразной субъединицы (TEP1), определена значимая положительная взаимосвязь в 1-й группе с уровнями сатурации крови кислородом, теломер и активностью ТЕР1. Заключение. У пациентов с СОАС выявлен факт снижения активности ТК и длины теломер, доказана их положительная взаимосвязь с уровнем сатурации крови кислородом при интермиттирующей ночной гипоксии

Влияние применения L-триптофана на динамику когнитивных функций в комплексной терапии задержек психоречевого развития у детей

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of L-tryptophan used in complex therapy of delayed psycho-speech development in children to influence the dynamics of cognitive performance.Materials and methods. The study included 80 children aged 3–7 years with delayed psycho-speech development (DPSD). The main group consisted of 37 children (25 male and 12 female), a control group – 43 patients (30 male and 13 female). Both groups of children were comparable in age, sex, degree of speech and cognitive impairment, and IQ level. Patients in the main group have taken standard therapy with L-tryptophan (25–50 mg per day depending on the age) supplement for 14 days. Control patients have taken standard therapy only. Psychodiagnostic tests at the entrance and exit of patients from this study was carried out for evaluation the dynamics of cognitive functions. All differences were considered significant at p &lt; 0.05.Results. The study suggests that oral L-tryptophan intake selectively affects the dynamics of cognitive performance in children with DPSD. So, we studied pre- and post-treatment cognitive performance in both group patients and noted a significant improvement in the visual memory (p &lt; 0.001) and an increase in thinking productivity (p &lt; 0.001) in the tryptophan group versus similar indicators in the control group. Intergroup differences (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.026, respectively, for the main and control groups) also found.Conclusion. Two-week L-tryptophan intake in complex therapy of DPSD in children can significantly improve the cognitive activity, and greatly increase both the effectiveness and sustainability of treatment outcomes, which will significantly reduce the time and frequency of hospitalization and financial costs for the rehabilitation of this patients. Цель исследования – оценка способности L-триптофана, применяемого в комплексной терапии задержек психоречевого развития у детей, влиять на динамику показателей когнитивной деятельности.Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 80 детей в возрасте 3–7 лет с задержкой психоречевого развития (ЗПРР). Основную группу составили 37 детей (25 мальчиков и 12 девочек), контрольную группу – 43 пациента (30 мальчиков и 13 девочек). Обе группы детей были сопоставимы по полу, возрасту, степени речевой и когнитивной недостаточности, уровню интеллекта. Пациентами основной группы на фоне стандартной терапии дополнительно осуществлялся прием L-триптофана в суточной дозе 25–50 мг/кг в зависимости от возраста в течение 14 дней. Пациенты контрольной группы были пролечены только по стандартной схеме терапии ЗПРР. Оценка динамики когнитивных функций проводилась с помощью психодиагностических тестов на входе и выходе пациентов из данного исследования. Значимость различий рассчитывали с учетом критического значения p &lt; 0,05.Результаты. В результате проведения исследования были получены данные о том, что триптофан избирательно влияет на динамику показателей когнитивной деятельности при задержках психоречевого развития у детей. Так, при исследовании состояния когнитивных функций у детей с ЗПРР до и после курса терапии, включающей прием L-триптофана, отмечены значительное улучшение зрительной памяти (p &lt; 0,001) и повышение продуктивности мышления (p &lt; 0,001) относительно аналогичных показателей пациентов, пролеченных без дополнительной фармакологической нагрузки данным препаратом. При этом достоверные отличия выявлены и при межгрупповом сравнении результатов лечения (p &lt; 0,001 и p = 0,026 соответственно для основной и контрольной групп).Заключение. Следовательно, введение L-триптофана в комплексную терапию ЗПРР у детей способно заметно улучшить состояние когнитивной деятельности и значительно повысить как эффективность, так и устойчивость результатов лечения, что позволит существенно сократить сроки и кратность госпитализации и финансовые издержки на реабилитацию данной категории пациентов.