The reactions of the molecular nitrogen doubly charged ion with neutral molecules of relevance to planetary ionospheres

Diatomic dications (e.g. C02+) have been known to exist for several decades and are believed to be important components of energised media. Molecular dications possess significant internal energy due to the Coulombic repulsion of their two positive charges, meaning that many possible reaction channels are available to dications in a collision with a neutral molecule. Modellers have recently predicted that N22+ is present in the ionosphere of Earth and Titan as well as the dications C>22+ and 02+ in the ionosphere of Earth and CC>22+ in the ionosphere of Mars. These recent predictions, of dications in planetary ionospheres, imply that dications, and processes involving dication-neutral collisions, may have more significance than previously thought in the upper atmospheres of planets. Therefore this thesis describes a study of the reactions between N2 dications and neutrals, potentially of relevance to the ionosphere of Earth and Titan. A position sensitive coincidence (PSCO) time-of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is used to probe the reactivity, energetics and dynamics of the bimolecular reactions of N22 . Dication-neutrals reactions often result in a pair of singly charged ions. The PSCO experiment is used to collect these pairs of singly-charged ions in coincidence. From the position-sensitive data we extract the velocity vectors of the product ions, and if the reaction of interest involves the formation of a third, undetected, neutral species, its velocity can be determined via conservation of momentum. The electron transfer reactions between dications and neutrals have been well rationalized 2+ previously, so only the electron transfer reactions of N2 with Ne and NO are discussed in this thesis. This thesis concentrates on probing the less well rationalized, bond- forming reactions between dications and neutrals. The bond-forming reactions of N22+ with O2, CO2, H2O, C2H2, CH4, H2 and Ar have been investigated and discussed. Several new bond-forming reactions mechanisms are derived for example, the bond-forming reactions of N22+ with O2 proceed via a 'long' lived complex which dissociates via loss of a neutral and then charge separation, a mechanism which is also operating for one of the bond-forming reactions of N2 with CO2 and N2 with H2O. Additional bond-forming reactions are detected for N22+ with CO2 and H2O, which proceed via shorter lived collision complexes. The reactions of N22+ with C2H2, CH4, H2 and Ar all proceed via a variety of mechanisms involving short-lived collision complexes or H and electron stripping

Analisis Penerapan Sistem Akuntansi Penjualan Kredit Dan Penerimaan Kas Dalam Mendukung Pengendalian Intern Perusahaan (Studi Kasus PT. Smart Tbk Refinery Surabaya)

System of selling credit accounting and system of cash receiving from account receivable is the source of life to achieving company goals. This research on the system of credit sales and cash receipts to support the company internal control. This research was conducted at PT. SMART Tbk Refinery Surabaya. PT. SMART Tbk Refinery Surabaya only selling cooking oil in the form of branded product and trading product on credit. PT. SMART Tbk Refinery Surabaya still has any weakness on system of selling credit accounting and system of cash receiving from account receivable, some of the sales transaction activity that occurred less supportive of the company\u27s internal control. This study aims to provide information to companies about the advantages and weakness of credit sales accounting system and cash receipts that have been applied by the company

Modelling the role of tissue heterogeneity in epileptic rhythms

Epileptic seizure activity manifests as complex spatio-temporal dynamics on the clinically relevant macroscopic scale. These dynamics are known to arise from spatially heterogeneous tissue, but the relationship between specific spatial abnormalities and epileptic rhythm generation is not well understood. We formulate a simplified macroscopic modelling framework with which to study the role of spatial heterogeneity in the generation of epileptiform spatio-temporal rhythms. We characterize the overall model dynamics in terms of spontaneous activity and excitability and demonstrate normal and abnormal spreading of activity. We introduce a means to systematically investigate the topology of abnormal sub-networks and explore its impact on spontaneous and stimulus-evoked rhythmic dynamics. This computationally efficient framework complements results from detailed biophysical models, and allows the testing of specific hypotheses about epileptic dynamics on the macroscopic scale

Additional file 13: of Metabolome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants

Triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS chromatographs representing 20 BIA-accumulating plant species. Peak annotation was performed manually based on comparison with retention times (Rt) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra (Additional file 14) of authentic standards. Identified peaks are numbered in correspondence with those listed in Additional file 14. Species abbreviations are defined in Table 1. (PDF 1561 kb

Additional file 5: of Metabolome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants

Two-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) of metabolite quantities obtained using LC/DFI-MS/MS-based profiling. Results are presented as scores (A) and loadings (B) plots. The percent variance accounted for by each principal component (PC) is indicated. For the scores plot, each dot represents a one of four replicates analyzed per plant species. Areas enclosed by 95 % confidence ellipses, containing dots of the same color, define statistically significant class separations [34]. Species abbreviations are defined in Table 1. Loadings representing individual metabolites are shown as black dots (B). Metabolites are indicated for select loadings. A complete listing of loadings data is found in Additional file 16. Abbreviations: C, acylcarnitine; SM, sphingomyelin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; aa, diacyl; ae, acyl-ester. A complete listing of full compound names and abbreviations is available online: http://www.biocrates.com/products/research-products/absoluteidq-p150-kit . (PDF 1591 kb

Heat map of metabolomic differences between HFrEF and controls.

<p>Heat maps were generated with the concentrations of potential candidate metabolites with univariate analysis. Similar metabolites were arranged together for use in pathway analysis through intuitive pattern discovery. The heat map displays an increase in each metabolite in relative concentration as a red color and a decrease in a metabolite as a blue color. The metabolites are listed at the left side of each row, and the subjects are shown at the bottom of each column.</p

Heat map of metabolomic differences between HFpEF and controls.

<p>Heat maps were generated with the concentrations of potential candidate metabolites with univariate analysis. Similar metabolites were arranged together for use in pathway analysis through intuitive pattern discovery. The heat map displays an increase in each metabolite in relative concentration as a red color and a decrease in a metabolite as a blue color. The metabolites are listed at the left side of each row, and the subjects are shown at the bottom of each column.</p

Unadjusted Comparisons.

<p>The NRI and IDI values are of the blended “natriuretic peptide & metabolites” model versus each individual model.</p><p>AUC = Area Under the Curve, NRI = Net Reclassification Improvement, IDI = Integrated Discrimination Improvement, CI = Confidence Interval</p><p>Unadjusted Comparisons.</p

Demographic Details of Participants.

<p>* p-value < 0.05 compared to control</p><p>^† p-value < 0.05 compared to HFpEF</p><p>HFpEF = Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, HFrEF = Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction, NYHA = New York Heart Association, CAD = Coronary Artery Disease, LVEF = Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, BMI = Body Mass Index, BNP = B-type Natriuretic Peptide, NT-proBNP = N terminal pro-BNP, ACEI = Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, ARB = Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, CCB = Calcium Channel Blocker.</p><p>Demographic Details of Participants.</p

Heat map of metabolomic differences between HFpEF and HFrEF.

<p>Heat maps were generated with the concentrations of potential candidate metabolites with univariate analysis. Similar metabolites were arranged together for use in pathway analysis through intuitive pattern discovery. The heat map displays an increase in each metabolite in relative concentration as a red color and a decrease in a metabolite as a blue color. The metabolites are listed at the left side of each row, and the subjects are shown at the bottom of each column.</p