Charged particle tracks in polymers number 6 - A method for charge determination of heavy, multicharged cosmic ray particles

Charge determination of heavy, multicharged cosmic ray particles from particle tracks in cellulose nitrate nuclear emulsion stack

J.R.R. Tolkien Goes to Law School: Exploring Property Law Jurisprudence Through the Hobbit and Lord of the Rings Trilogy

This Article offers J.R.R. Tolkien’s classic stories, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings Trilogy, as useful for Law and Literature scholarship because they have a large audience of all ages, who have either read them in books or seen them as movies. Their widespread popularity makes these stories an effective way to introduce and inspire many to the property law jurisprudence that permeates the texts. While Tolkien’s literature has not been traditionally utilized for Law and Literature purposes, there are several issues of property law jurisprudence that can be elucidated through Tolkien’s writings. This Article begins by briefly assessing the debate regarding the efficacy of Law and Literature, proposes Tolkien’s literature as a legitimate means of stimulating an interest in property law jurisprudence, and concludes by exploring a variety of property law issues using Tolkien’s literature as the background material facts

The completive and potential form of Chichicapan Zapotec verbs

From the introduction: The phonological changes associated with the potential and completive aspects in Zapotecan languages have been traditionally analyzed suppletively (Butler 1980, Pickett 1960). In this paper I examine suppletive and nonsuppletive analyses of the potential and completive aspects of Chichicapan Zapotec, hereafter ChZ. I show that a nonsuppletive analysis of the facts of ChZ is more insightful than a suppletive one

Simulations of Strong Gravitational Lensing with Substructure

Galactic sized gravitational lenses are simulated by combining a cosmological N-body simulation and models for the baryonic component of the galaxy. The lens caustics, critical curves, image locations and magnification ratios are calculated by ray-shooting on an adaptive grid. When the source is near a cusp in a smooth lens' caustic the sum of the magnifications of the three closest images should be close to zero. It is found that in the observed cases this sum is generally too large to be consistent with the simulations implying that there is not enough substructure in the simulations. This suggests that other factors play an important role. These may include limited numerical resolution, lensing by structure outside the halo, selection bias and the possibility that a randomly selected galaxy halo may be more irregular, for example due to recent mergers, than the isolated halo used in this study. It is also shown that, with the level of substructure computed from the N-body simulations, the image magnifications of the Einstein cross type lenses are very weak functions of source size up to \sim 1\kpc. This is also true for the magnification ratios of widely separated images in the fold and cusp caustic lenses. This means that selected magnification ratios for different the emission regions of a lensed quasar should agree with each other, barring microlensing by stars. The source size dependence of the magnification ratio between the closest pair of images is more sensitive to substructure.Comment: 28 pages, 2 tables and 14 figures. Accepted to MNRA

Dialectica Categories for the Lambek Calculus

We revisit the old work of de Paiva on the models of the Lambek Calculus in dialectica models making sure that the syntactic details that were sketchy on the first version got completed and verified. We extend the Lambek Calculus with a \kappa modality, inspired by Yetter's work, which makes the calculus commutative. Then we add the of-course modality !, as Girard did, to re-introduce weakening and contraction for all formulas and get back the full power of intuitionistic and classical logic. We also present the categorical semantics, proved sound and complete. Finally we show the traditional properties of type systems, like subject reduction, the Church-Rosser theorem and normalization for the calculi of extended modalities, which we did not have before

Confronting LCDM with Gravitational Lensing Constraints on Small Scale Structure

This paper primarily addresses the question of whether recent lensing observations probing the small scale structure in the universe are consistent with the LCDM model. A conservative approach is taken where only the most difficult to explain cases of image flux anomalies in strong lenses are considered. Numerical simulations are performed to compare predictions for the LCDM small scale mass function with observed flux ratios. It is found by simulating several represent cases that all the cusp caustic lens anomalies and the disagreements between monochromatic flux ratios and simple lens models might be explained without any substructure in the primary lenses' dark matter halos. Intergalactic LCDM halos are enough to naturally explain these cases. However, thus far, spectroscopic gravitational lensing observations require more small mass halos (~ 10^6 Msun) than is expected in the LCDM model.Comment: submitted to ApJ, 19 pages, 7 figures, replaced with accepted version, more discussion of tests of the computer cod

Axisymmetric filamentary structures

Axisymmetric filamentary structure