Abolishing Canadian Crown Copyright: Why Government Documents Should Not be Subject to Copyright

Section 12 of the Canadian Copyright Act, which assigns the government copyright ownership over all documents produced by the federal government for a period of fifty years, has remained virtually unchanged since being introduced into Canada’s copyright legislation in 1921. This provision is known as Crown copyright, and its continued existence serves as a barrier to the reuse of public sector information by the public, despite the fact that said documents were produced by government employees whose salaries are paid for by the taxpayers. This paper looks at Crown copyright through a global and Charter lens, evaluating how s.12 fits in with the way in which other countries treat copyright over government documents, but also how s.12 might stand up to a Charter challenge. Given the current environment of balance within Canada’s copyright philosophy, the influence of the Open Government trend throughout the world, and the complicated situation the government would be placed in were they actually required to argue the constitutionality of s.12, it is clear that Crown copyright should be abolished from Canada’s copyright legislation

Spectacle

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Walking with early dinosaurs:appendicular myology of the Late Triassic sauropodomorph Thecodontosaurus antiquus

Dinosaur evolution is marked by numerous independent shifts from bipedality to quadrupedality. Sauropodomorpha is one of the lineages that transitioned from small bipedal forms to graviportal quadrupeds, with an array of intermediate postural strategies evolving in non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs. This locomotor shift is reflected by multiple modifications of the appendicular skeleton, coupled with a drastic rearrangement of the limb musculature. Here, we describe the osteological correlates of appendicular muscle attachment of the Late Triassic sauropodomorph Thecodontosaurus antiquus from multiple well-preserved specimens and provide the first complete forelimb and hindlimb musculature reconstruction of an early-branching sauropodomorph. Comparisons with other sauropodomorphs and early dinosaurs reveal a unique combination of both plesiomorphic and derived musculoskeletal features. The diversity of appendicular osteological correlates among early dinosaurs and their relevance in muscle reconstruction are discussed. In line with previous evidence, aspects of the limb muscle arrangement, such as conspicuous correlates of lower limb extensors and flexors and low moment arms of hip extensors and flexors, suggest Thecodontosaurus was an agile biped. This reconstruction helps to elucidate the timing of important modifications of the appendicular musculature in the evolution of sauropodomorphs which facilitated the transition to quadrupedalism and contributed to their evolutionary success

Inside the Climate Frontier: Intersecting Indigenous Rights and Hydropower Development in Costa Rica

Historically, hydropower has served as a symbol of modernization and economic progress, as well as a form of energy security. More recently, it has been adopted as a sustainable climate mitigation strategy. While the rhetorical justification for constructing dams has transitioned through time, the social and ecological consequences that they spawn has remained unchanged, sparking resistance from those impacted. Such is the case in southwestern Costa Rica where I conducted ethnographic fieldwork with the Brörán peoples living on Térraba territory. Community members have spent 50 years fighting against a series of three state-proposed hydropower projects that threatened to transform the Térraba river, and subsequently, their cultures, livelihoods, and imaginaries. They successfully stopped each dam, primarily by demanding that the state recognize and enforce their legal rights as Indigenous peoples. Examples of stopping hydropower are rare, especially now that it has been repositioned as a mitigation solution to the climate crisis by policy and decision-makers. As such, this dissertation seeks to understand the contested nature of hydropower development and Indigenous rights as they intersect within the context of climate governance. Through the framework of a climate frontier—spaces of engagement between (dis)interconnected ideologies and epistemologies regarding climate adaptation and mitigation strategies—I examine the assemblage of relationships, frictions, and interactions that occur across local-global scales. Within the climate frontier, I focus on hydrosocial territories, intersecting social-ecological-political-economic factors coproduced through human-water relations. My dissertation builds on more than 14 months of multi-sited, interdisciplinary research in Costa Rica (where policy is enacted) and at climate and hydropower conferences (where policy is produced). Herein, hydropower serves as a catalyst for understanding the realities of conflicting future imaginaries, real and imagined transformations of spaces/places, and the violence that materializes when disparate ideologies converge. The ultimate goal of this research is to inform more equitable and sustainable policies

Muscularity Beliefs of Female College Student-Athletes

Female athletes in the United States face the paradoxical challenge of acquiring a degree of muscularity to be successful in their sport, yet they also endure pressure from societal expectations of femininity that often don’t conform with the notion of muscularity. To address research questions about how female student-athletes balance muscularity and femininity, we conducted a mixed-methods study to examine muscularity beliefs among female student-athletes, female college students, and male college student-athletes. We quantitatively examined Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) scores from 221 participants attending college in the Midwestern US. Results indicated that female student-athletes reported significantly higher DMS scores than female students, but male student-athletes reported the highest DMS scores in the sample. Qualitative results indicated that female student-athletes wanted to be muscular for these reasons: functionality (45%), health (42%), external gratification (21%), internal gratification (18%). Only 16% of female student-athletes did not want to be muscular, whereas every male student athlete reported a desire to be muscular. The results of this study can be used to better understand the unique drive for muscularity among athletes, particularly female college student-athletes who live the paradox of negotiating societal standards of femininity with this desire to be muscular. This enhanced understanding can help create more nuanced interventions for coaches, administrators, and mental health professionals to use to help female student-athletes create space to resist constraining societal gender ideologies. Doing so can help these student-athletes actualize their athletic potential on the field as well as their interpersonal and intrapersonal potential off the field

Mississippi Farmers Markets: A Legal and Business Guide

This policy paper addresses state and federal laws affecting farmers markets in Mississippi, focusing on particularly confusing or burdensome areas of the law. Each section reviews Mississippi law and compares it to other states, then recommends alternatives

Expedition

As the characters in these poems travel, in search of a sense of purpose or belonging, so I invoke the reader by inhabiting voices and consciousnesses through the means of dramatic monologue and the epistolary form