The impact of organizational learning on competitive advantage Case Study of “Algerie Telecom”of Laghouat

     هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة الأثرالذي يوقعه التعلم التنظيمي على الميزة التنافسية وذلك من خلال مستوياته الثلاث والمتمثلة في التعلم الفردي والتعلم الجماعي والتعلم على مستوى المنظمة.أجريت الدراسة على عينة من موظفي مؤسسة اتصالات الجزائر بمدينة الاغواط بلغت 62 إطارا. استعمل استبيانا بغرض جمع البيانات. خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى وجود أثر إيجابي قوي للتعلم التنظيمي بمختلف مستوياته (التعلم الفردي والجماعي والتعلم على مستوى المنظمة) على الميزة التنافسية. كما خلصت الدراسة إلى وجود أثر ذو دلالة لمستوى التعلم الفردي والتعلم على المستوى التنظيمي واستبعاد أثر التعلم الجماعي.     The aim of this study is to know the impact of organizational learning on competitive advantage at three levels: individual level learning, group level learning and organizational level learning By conducting a study of a sample of Algeria Telecom’s employees, and through questionnaires; the results showed a positive significant relationship between all levels of learning and the competitive advantage. When using the stepwise regression, a positive significant impact had been found between individual level learning, organizational level learning as predictors and competitive advantage on one hand; and rejecting the impact of group level learning on the other hand. Some conclusions and recommendations were suggested

Premiers enseignements de la crise : les gagnants et les perdants dans le commerce de détail.

Cette recherche a pour but d’observer les comportements des entreprises du commerce de détail face { la crise économique mondiale (déclenchée en septembre 2008) et d’ébaucher une méthode servant à déterminer les « gagnants » et les « perdants ». Les stratégies suivies révèlent un certain nombre de constantes : diminution des investissements, accentuation des promotions et des baisses de prix, recentrage sur le cœur de métier et sur le pays d’origine, fermeture des points de vente les moins performants, contrôle des coûts et efforts de productivité. Mais il existe aussi des stratégies continuant à privilégier le développement : croissance du par de magasins (reprise de bons emplacements devenus disponibles et moins onéreux), poursuit du développement international, recherche de la croissance externe et renforcement de la communication sur les points de différenciation. La méthode d’évaluation proposée consiste { noter les détaillants sur treize critères. Enfin, dans la crise, les principaux « gagnants » sont souvent les premiers de la classe (Wal-Mar Aldi, Leclerc, Ikea, Amazon, etc.), des entreprises à concepts forts et à images plus ou moins discount.This research aims to examine retailers’ behavior as regards the economic downturn (from September 2008) and draw forth a valid method to determine the “winners” and “losers”. The strategies implemented entail a certain number of constants: reducing investments, increasing promotions and lowering prices, refocusing on the core business and on domestic markets, closing less profitable points-of-sale, along with controlling costs and enhancing productivity. However, some retailers still carry on with a development strategy: growing their store networks (acquiring choice locations, now available at more affordable prices), moving ahead with international development, exploring external growth and strengthening communication on their differentiation elements. The proposed evaluation method consists of scoring retailers on 13 criteria. Finally, the big “winners” are often retailers who have always been at the “top of the class” (Wal Mart, Aldi, Leclerc, Ikea, Amazon, etc.), companies with impactful concepts and images more or less “discount” related.Key Success Factors; Retailers Strategies; Economic crisis; facteurs-clés de succès; stratégie des distributeurs; crise économique;

Category management, mythes et réalités.

category management; marketing; distribution; produits commerciaux;

The impact of psychosocial environment factors on mental health of human resources of special education schools

   تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر بيئة العمل النفسية والاجتماعية في مؤسسات ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة على الصحة النفسية للموارد البشرية العاملة فيها. تمت الدراسة وفقا لنموذج العوامل النفسية والاجتماعية لـ Karasek (1979) المعروف بنموذج Job Strain Model (المطالب النفسية-الموقف القراري، السند الاجتماعي). ينتج عن تقاطع هذه العوامل مصفوفة من الوضعيات المهنية المؤثرة على الصحة النفسية. تم توزيع استبيان يتضمن مقياس عوامل البيئة على عينة من 150 بيداغوجيا موزعين على (4) ولايات جزائرية (الشلف، الأغواط، الجزائر وسطيف). خلصت الدراسة إلى النتائج الآتية: بيئة العمل بيئة خطرة على الصحة النفسية للبيداغوجيين حسب سلم (Karasek). كما خلصت أيضا إلى أنّه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في الأبعاد الثلاثة لبيئة العمل حسب متغير الأقدمية، كما لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في البعدين المتطلبات النفسية والموقف القراري. أمّا بعد الدعم الاجتماعي توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية تبعاً لمتغير نوع الإعاقة المتكفل بها، هي لصالح فئة البيداغوجيين العاملين مع الإعاقة سمعية.  This study aims to identify the impact of psychosocial environment factors among human resources working at special education schools. The study had applied the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) of Karasek (1985). The intersection of job demands and decision latitude generates a matrix of four working situations that affect the mental health. Questionnaires had been distributed to a sample of 150 pedagogues belonging to four (04) Algerian willayas (Algeries, Laghouat, Setif, Al-Chelef). The study had concluded in these findings: the psychosocial environment is job strain and may cause harmful consequences on mental health. We also found that there were no significant statistical differences between job demands and decision latitude. However, social support was statistically significant according to the type of disability which had been taken care of; and it was in the favor of those who took charge of hearing disability. &nbsp

Identifying Requirements For Full Protection Against Salmonella Infection

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is an intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of Typhoid. S. Typhi is transmitted via oral-fecal route, commonly through contaminated food or water, and is endemic in developing countries that lack adequate sanitation systems. In addition to systemic disease, it has been demonstrated that Salmonella infections result in anemia as well as the disruption of erythroid development in a manner that is not well understood. Several vaccines have been developed against Salmonella; however, these vaccines have been shown not to confer full protection and are only effective for roughly a two-year period, demonstrating that current vaccine strategies require revision. Systemic Salmonella infections are commonly treated with antibiotics; however, it has been demonstrated that doing so causes relapsing infection and confers no lasting protection in antibiotic-treated individuals, suggesting that rapid bacterial clearance hinders the development of adaptive immunity. It is well appreciated that CD4 T cells are required for protection to Salmonella, however, the lack of protection to secondary infection demonstrates an imperfect understanding. Collectively, the above represent a fundamental lack of understanding in the field with regard to requirements for effective memory formation to systemic Salmonella infections. Development of mature erythrocytes from hematopoietic stem cells requires erythropoietin, a process which has been shown to be interrupted in Salmonella infections. To examine why this occurs, we developed a model of systemic infection in mice lacking the erythropoietin receptor. When compared to wild-type mice that were similarly infected, it became apparent that Salmonella induced splenomegaly, due to an increase in erythropoietin from kidneys and liver, resulting in a large number of immature erythrocytes. These data may then suggest a duality of host-pathogen interaction whereby the host immune system may be working to sequester iron away from the pathogen while the pathogen is attempting to drive production of iron for its own growth benefits. Future studies should focus then on clearly delineating the role of host, as well as pathogen, in this process and how it may be modulated to reduce bacterial burden in the host while preventing anemia. To examine the requirements for full protection to systemic Salmonellosis, we developed a mouse model whereby live-attenuated Salmonella was administered systemically and then utilized antigen specific reagents to track Salmonella-specific CD4 T cell memory formation. Antigen-specific CD4 T cells were present in both the peripheral blood as well as in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. We further demonstrate that antigen-specific cells present in the tissue were non-transferable and are indeed required for full secondary protection to virulent Salmonella. Interestingly, vaccination with Salmonella proteins resulted in protection that was mediated via circulating cells and not via tissue-resident cells, however this protection does eventually fail. These data then suggest that current vaccine strategies are flawed and require development of tissue-resident cells within the host to be effective and confer lasting protection. Additionally, we sought to examine why early antibiotic intervention during a primary infection resulted in poor secondary protection. Upon delivering antibiotics shortly after a primary systemic infection, we identified that Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells were in a lower abundance in both peripheral blood as well as in tissues compared to mice that resolved the infection naturally. Further, we demonstrate in mice that received antibiotics, fewer terminal effector antigen-specific cells found within the peripheral blood, demonstrating a skewed phenotype. Taken together, these data suggest that the expansion of antigen-specific cells and seeding of tissue does not occur due to the rapid clearance of Salmonella from the host. Future studies should therefore focus on the ability to deliver antibiotics and an additional factor to stimulate the development of antigen-specific memory CD4 T cell while still removing the pathogen from the host

Collateral Damage: Detrimental Effect of Antibiotics on the Development of Protective Immune Memory.

Antibiotic intervention is an effective treatment strategy for many bacterial infections and liberates bacterial antigens and stimulatory products that can induce an inflammatory response. Despite the opportunity for bacterial killing to enhance the development of adaptive immunity, patients treated successfully with antibiotics can suffer from reinfection. Studies in mouse models of Salmonella and Chlamydia infection also demonstrate that early antibiotic intervention reduces host protective immunity to subsequent infection. This heightened susceptibility to reinfection correlates with poor development of Th1 and antibody responses in antibiotic-treated mice but can be overcome by delayed antibiotic intervention, thus suggesting a requirement for sustained T cell stimulation for protection. Although the contribution of memory T cell subsets is imperfectly understood in both of these infection models, a protective role for noncirculating memory cells is suggested by recent studies. Together, these data propose a model where antibiotic treatment specifically interrupts tissue-resident memory T cell formation. Greater understanding of the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon might suggest therapeutic interventions to restore a protective memory response in antibiotic-treated patients, thus reducing the incidence of reinfection