Yaëlle Amsellem-Mainguy, Les filles du coin. Vivre et grandir en milieu rural

Riche d’une approche ethnographique comparative, le livre de Yaëlle Amsellem-Mainguy analyse les conditions d’existence de jeunes femmes issues principalement des classes populaires rurales. Il vient combler un vide concernant les connaissances que l’on peut avoir des filles qui ont grandi et qui vivent dans les espaces ruraux. Dans une perspective qui vise à décrypter les relations entre espaces de vie locaux et positions sociales, l’autrice « entend rendre compte des trajectoires, condition..

Entre la bio et le bio… Quelles normes alimentaires ?

La transversalité du projet global de l’agriculture biologique rend sa pleine réalisation et sa diffusion difficiles. Les normes dominantes de l’agroalimentaire ont tendance, par leur soumission aux logiques du marché et du profit à court terme, à rendre caduque une approche du vivant où sont privilégiés, outre des principes agro-environnementaux, des dimensions sociales et culturelles. Cet article questionne ce rapport de force en illustrant la façon dont certains agriculteurs et consommateurs de produits biologiques parviennent à élaborer d’autres liens entre production et consommation, parfois hors des sentiers battus du marché normalisé.The transversality of the global project of organic farming makes its full achievement and dissemination difficult. By their subordination to logics of the market and short-term profit, the dominant norms of agribusiness tend to make obsolete an approach which privileges the social and cultural dimensions of life as well agro‑environmental principles. This article questions this balance of power by illustrating the way in which certain farmers and consumers of organic products succeed in elaborating other links between production and consumption, sometimes away from the well-trodden paths of the normalised market

Note préliminaire sur le rempart du site de Le Cailar (Gard)

1. Introduction Dans le cadre de ce dossier sur les fortifications de l’âge du Fer de Gaule méridionale, ce court article se propose de présenter les premières données acquises sur l’enceinte de l’habitat protohistorique du Cailar (Gard), mise en évidence dans le cadre du programme de fouille programmée mené sur cet habitat depuis 2003. 1.1. Découverte du site L’occupation protohistorique et antique du site du Cailar était attestée par diverses découvertes fortuites et toujours ponctuelles, f..

Non-Abelian adiabatic geometric transformations in a cold Strontium gas

Topology, geometry, and gauge fields play key roles in quantum physics as exemplified by fundamental phenomena such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect, the integer quantum Hall effect, the spin Hall, and topological insulators. The concept of topological protection has also become a salient ingredient in many schemes for quantum information processing and fault-tolerant quantum computation. The physical properties of such systems crucially depend on the symmetry group of the underlying holonomy. We study here a laser-cooled gas of strontium atoms coupled to laser fields through a 4-level resonant tripod scheme. By cycling the relative phases of the tripod beams, we realize non-Abelian SU(2) geometrical transformations acting on the dark-states of the system and demonstrate their non-Abelian character. We also reveal how the gauge field imprinted on the atoms impact their internal state dynamics. It leads to a new thermometry method based on the interferometric displacement of atoms in the tripod beams

SPICE-Circuit Simulation of the Electrical Response of a Semiconductor Membrane to a Single-Stranded DNA Translocating Through a Nanopore

peer reviewedIn this paper, we describe a circuit-element model for the electric detection of biomolecules in translocation through a nanopore in a semiconductor-oxide-semiconductor (SOS) membrane. The biomolecules are simulated as a superposition of individual charges moving through the nanopore and inducing a charge variation on the membrane electrodes that is modeled as a current source. The SOS membrane is discretized into interconnected elementary circuit elements. The model is tested on the translocation of 11 base single-stranded C3AC7 DNA molecule, for which the electric signal shows good qualitative agreement with the multiscale device approach of Gracheva et al., while quantifying the low-pass filtering in the membrane. Overall, the model confirms the possibility of identifying the sequence of the DNA bases electrically

Adaptive optics telemetry standard: Design and specification of a novel data exchange format

Context. The amount of adaptive optics (AO) telemetry generated by visible/near-infrared ground-based observatories is ever greater, leading to a growing need for a standardised data exchange format to support performance analysis, AO research, and development activities that involve large-scale telemetry mining, processing, and curation.Aims. This paper introduces the Adaptive Optics Telemetry (AOT) data exchange format as a standard for sharing AO telemetry from visible/infrared ground-based observatories. AOT is based on the flexible image transport system (FITS) and aims to provide unambiguous and consistent data access across various systems and configurations, including natural and single- or multiple-laser guide-star AO systems.Methods. We designed AOT with a focus on two key use cases: atmospheric turbulence parameter estimation and point-spread function reconstruction. We prototyped and tested the design using existing AO telemetry datasets from multiple systems: single conjugate with natural and laser guide stars, tomographic systems with multi-channel wavefront sensors, and single- and multi-wavefront correctors in systems featuring either a Shack-Hartmann or Pyramid as the main wavefront sensor.Results. The AOT file structure has been thoroughly defined, with specified data fields, descriptions, data types, units, and expected dimensions. To support this format, we have developed a Python package that enables the data conversion, reading, writing, and exploration of AOT files; it has been made publicly available and is compatible with a general-purpose Python package manager. We have demonstrated the flexibility of the AOT format by packaging data from five different instruments, installed on different telescopes

Detection of a Cis eQTL Controlling BMCO1 Gene Expression Leads to the Identification of a QTG for Chicken Breast Meat Color

Classical quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and gene expression QTL (eQTL) were combined to identify the causal gene (or QTG) underlying a highly significant QTL controlling the variation of breast meat color in a F2 cross between divergent high-growth (HG) and low-growth (LG) chicken lines. Within this meat quality QTL, BCMO1 (Accession number GenBank: AJ271386), encoding the β-carotene 15, 15′-monooxygenase, a key enzyme in the conversion of β-carotene into colorless retinal, was a good functional candidate. Analysis of the abundance of BCMO1 mRNA in breast muscle of the HG x LG F2 population allowed for the identification of a strong cis eQTL. Moreover, reevaluation of the color QTL taking BCMO1 mRNA levels as a covariate indicated that BCMO1 mRNA levels entirely explained the variations in meat color. Two fully-linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located within the proximal promoter of BCMO1 gene were identified. Haplotype substitution resulted in a marked difference in BCMO1 promoter activity in vitro. The association study in the F2 population revealed a three-fold difference in BCMO1 expression leading to a difference of 1 standard deviation in yellow color between the homozygous birds at this haplotype. This difference in meat yellow color was fully consistent with the difference in carotenoid content (i.e. lutein and zeaxanthin) evidenced between the two alternative haplotypes. A significant association between the haplotype, the level of BCMO1 expression and the yellow color of the meat was also recovered in an unrelated commercial broiler population. The mutation could be of economic importance for poultry production by making possible a gene-assisted selection for color, a determining aspect of meat quality. Moreover, this natural genetic diversity constitutes a new model for the study of β-carotene metabolism which may act upon diverse biological processes as precursor of the vitamin A

Cross-Protection against Lethal H5N1 Challenge in Ferrets with an Adjuvanted Pandemic Influenza Vaccine

Background. Unprecedented spread between birds and mammals of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype has resulted in hundreds of human infections with a high fatality rate. This has highlighted the urgent need for the development of H5N1 vaccines that can be produced rapidly and in sufficient quantities. Potential

La réhabilitation d'un hameau par une population néo-rurale : Étude de sa structure sociale et de son intégration locale

Un hameau du Lot-et-Garonne a vu naître en son sein un projet de « retour à la terre » mené par une petite dizaine de familles originaires pour la plupart de centres urbains. L'idée originelle, créer un «écovillage », consistait à faire revivre un petit village en réhabilitant son habitat, en développant une agriculture biologique (en polyculture-élevage) et en mettant en place un dispositif d'énergies éolienne et solaire. Valorisant l'esprit d'entraide, de mise en commun du matériel et des savoir-faire, l'objectif était également de créer un lieu de convivialité et de solidarité. A partir essentiellement d'entretiens menés au sein du hameau et dans ses alentours, l'analyse du discours montre nombre de dissonances entre les représentations enjolivées du milieu rural et la réalité de ses activités et de sa vie communautaire. Le départ contraint de certains habitants, l'échec partiel du projet collectif et les relations tendues avec l'environnement autochtone provoquent un durcissement des relations sociales au sein du hameau (contrôle social vis-à-vis des activités ésotériques, recentrage sur le projet agricole, etc). En définitive, l'analyse tend à montrer que le groupe a reproduit les éléments de sa structure sociale d'origine. En effet, les personnes les plus engagées (historiquement, financièrement et symboliquement) dans le projet auraient tendance à déterminer, de part leurs actes et les expressions de leurs représentations, la réalité de la vie du hameau et les places sociales des autres, ces derniers exprimant à leur tour le discours de leur nouvelle position sociale, dominée