Additional file 1 of Long-term effects of vitamin D supplementation and maintaining sufficient vitamin D on knee osteoarthritis over 5 years

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. Flowchart of VIDEO five-year follow-up study. Supplementary Table S1. Change in WOMAC symptoms and Vitamin D levels of the participants based on the original allocation to vitamin D or placebo group in the VIDEO trial over 5 years. Supplementary Table S2. Characteristics of the participants based on self-reported knee surgery in the VIDEO trial at 60-month follow-up. Supplementary Table S3. Change in WOMAC symptoms and Vitamin D levels among participants who maintained sufficient vitamin D levels and participants who did not maintain sufficient vitamin D levels over 5 years. Supplementary Table S4. Baseline characteristics of the participants who completed the five-year follow-up and lost to follow-up

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Hypointense signals in the infrapatellar fat pad assessed by magnetic resonance imaging are associated with knee symptoms and structure in older adults: a cohort study

Associations of IPFP hypointense signals with baseline knee cartilage volume and change in knee cartilage volume over 2.6 years. (DOC 31 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Correlates of knee bone marrow lesions in younger adults

Associations between different grades of bone marrow lesions and knee symptoms. Figure S1. Association between different grades of bone marrow lesions and prevalence of WOMAC knee pain >5. (DOCX 25 kb

Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation: Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation