Analisis Pohon Berstruktur Menggunakan Metode CHAID pada Data Respons Ordinal

Eksplorasi data merupakan suatu hal yang penting dilakukan sebelum menganalisa data dengan metode lain. Salah satu metode eksplorasi untuk data respons kategorik adalah metode CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection). Tulisan ini berisi tentang kajian teori metode CHAID dan penerapannya yaitu menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan omset USAha anggota koperasi simpan pinjam (KSP) sebagai respons ordinal. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa metode CHAID tidak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai metode eksplorasi tetapi juga mampu menggunakan struktur hubungan antara variabel respons kategorik dengan serangkaian variabel penjelas serta interaksi antar variabel penjelas. Struktur hubungan ini digambarkan dengan suatu pohon berstruktur

Differential depletion of total T cells and regulatory T cells and prolonged allotransplant survival in CD3Ɛ humanized mice treated with polyclonal anti human thymocyte globulin

<div><p>Thymoglobulin (ATG) is a polyclonal rabbit antibody against human thymocytes used as a T cell-depleting agent to prevent or treat allotransplant rejection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low dose ATG treatment exclusively on T cells using a humanized BALB/c human CD3Ɛ transgenic mouse model expressing both human and murine T cell receptors (TCR). Mice received a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of ATG. Blood and peripheral lymphoid organs were obtained after different time points. We found a significant T cell depletion in this mouse model. In addition, regulatory T cells (Tregs) proved to be less sensitive to depletion than the rest of T cells and the Treg:non-Treg ratio was therefore increased. Finally, we also investigated the effect of ATG in a heterotopic allogenic murine model of heart transplantation. Survival and transplant function were significantly prolonged in ATG-treated mice. In conclusion, we showed (a) an immunosuppressive effect of ATG in this humanized mouse model which is exclusively mediated by reactivity against human CD3Ɛ; (b) provided evidence for a relative resistance of Tregs against this regimen; and (c) demonstrated the immunomodulatory effect of ATG under these experimental circumstances by prolongation of heart allograft survival.</p></div

Murine cervical heart allotransplantation.

<p>BALB/c huCD3Ɛ were injected i.v with ATG or control rabbit Ig. Cervical heart transplantation was performed and graft function was evaluated by daily regular heart palpation. (A) Cardiac graft function and (B) graft survival (days). Graft function was expressed as the beating score, 0 no organ function, 1: fibrillation, only visible through magnification, 2: poor or partial organ function, 3: impairment in frequency or intensity of heart beating, 4: physiological organ function). Four to five mice per group, two independent experiments were performed. Data are shown as means ± SEM. Mann-Whitney statistical test was used, *p<0.05, ** p<0.001.</p

Crucial Role for Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Early Microcirculatory Derangement and Recipient Survival following Murine Pancreas Transplantation

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Aim of this study was to identify the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoform involved in early microcirculatory derangements following solid organ transplantation.</p><p>Background</p><p>Tetrahydrobiopterin donor treatment has been shown to specifically attenuate these derangements following pancreas transplantation, and tetrahydrobiopterin-mediated protective effects to rely on its NOS-cofactor activity, rather than on its antioxidant capacity. However, the NOS-isoform mainly involved in this process has still to be defined.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Using a murine pancreas transplantation model, grafts lacking one of the three NOS-isoforms were compared to grafts from wild-type controls. Donors were treated with either tetrahydrobiopterin or remained untreated. All grafts were subjected to 16 h cold ischemia time and transplanted into wild-type recipients. Following 4 h graft reperfusion, microcirculation was analysed by confocal intravital fluorescence microscopy. Recipient survival was monitored for 50 days.</p><p>Results</p><p>Transplantation of the pancreas from untreated wild-type donor mice resulted in microcirculatory damage of the transplanted graft and no recipient survived more than 72 h. Transplanting grafts from untreated donor mice lacking either endothelial or inducible NOS led to similar outcomes. In contrast, donor treatment with tetrahydrobiopterin prevented microcirculatory breakdown enabling long-term survival. Sole exception was transplantation of grafts from untreated donor mice lacking neuronal NOS. It resulted in intact microvascular structure and long-term recipient survival, either if donor mice were untreated or treated with tetrahydrobiopterin.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We demonstrate for the first time the crucial involvement of neuronal NOS in early microcirculatory derangements following solid organ transplantation. In this model, protective effects of tetrahydrobiopterin are mediated by targeting this isoform.</p></div

Functional capillary density of pancreata in dependence of treatment, donor type and time point.

<p>Pancreata were taken from BH4-treated or untreated donors with the indicated genotypes, subjected to ischemia, and transplanted to wt recipients of the same background as the knockouts (n = 5 per group). FCD was evaluated by digital analysis of CIVFM pictures taken at the indicated time points. c: non-transplanted controls, 2: grafts following 2 h reperfusion, 4: grafts following 4 h reperfusion. Mean values of 5 animals per group +/− SEM are shown. w/o: untreated. Asterisks indicate significant differences between reperfusion time point and the respective non-transplanted control: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p

Schmidt pancreatitis score in dependence of donor treatment and donor genotype.

<p>The score quantifies parenchymal damage by assessing (I) edema formation, (II) acinar necroses, (III) haemorrhage and fat necroses, and (IV) inflammatory infiltrates. c: non-transplanted controls. 2: grafts following 2 h reperfusion. Mean values of 5 animals per group +/− SEM are shown. w/o: untreated. Asterisks indicate significant differences between reperfusion time point and the respective non-transplanted control: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01.</p

Serum amylase (A) and serum lipase (B) levels in dependence of donor treatment and donor genotype.

<p>Serum was taken from BH4-treated or untreated donors with the indicated genotypes, subjected to ischemia, and transplanted to wt recipients of the same background as the knockouts. Enzyme levels were determined by enzymatic <i>in-vitro</i> tests for automated clinical chemistry. c: non-transplanted controls. 4: grafts following 4 h reperfusion. Mean values of 5 animals per group +/− SEM are shown. w/o: untreated. Asterisks indicate significant differences between reperfusion time point and the respective non-transplanted control: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p

Intragraft biopterin levels in dependence of treatment, donor type and time point.

<p>Pancreata were taken from BH4-treated or untreated donors with the indicated genotypes, subjected to ischemia, and transplanted to wt recipients of the same background as the knockouts. Biopterin levels were measured after acidic and alkaline iodine oxidation by HPLC as detailed in the experimental section. Full bars: Tetrahydrobiopterin. Open bars: 7,8-dihydrobiopterin and biopterin. c: non-transplanted controls. 2: grafts following 2 h reperfusion. 4: grafts following 4 h reperfusion. Mean values of 5 animals per group +/− SEM are shown. w/o: untreated. Asterisks indicate significant differences between reperfusion time point and the respective non-transplanted control: ** p<0.01.</p

Dependence of recipient survival on donor genotype and treatment status.

<p>Pancreata were taken from BH4-treated or untreated donors with the indicated genotypes, subjected to ischemia, and transplanted to wt recipients of the same background as the knockouts. Survival of the animals was monitored for 50 days. Solid line, full circles: Donors treated with BH4. Dashed line, open circles: untreated donor animals. A: wt donors. B: eNOS−/− donors. C: nNOS−/− donors. D: iNOS −/− donors (n = 5 per group). Asterisks indicate significant differences between recipients receiving either grafts from untreated or from BH4 treated donors of the same donor genotype: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01.</p