574 research outputs found
GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF ENHANCED, COST EFFECTIVE NETWORKS IN A MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT
Investigations into the transmission of real-time interactive speech over local area
networks (LAN) in an industriai/commerciai environment to eventually obviate the
need for a private automatic branch exchange and ultimately prepare the way for a
single interactive integrated information system (PS) that provides work stations, which
are networked via a LAN, with a fully interactive speech and graphics facility
commensurate with the future requirements in computer integrated manufacturing
(CIM).
The reasons for conducting this programme of research were that existing LANs do not
offer a real time interactive speech facility. Any verbal communication between
workstation users on the LAN has to be carried out over a telephone network (PABX).
This necessitates the provision of a second completely separate network with its
associated costs. Initial investigations indicate that there is sufGcient capacity on
existing LANs to support both data and real-time speech provided certain data packet
delay criteria can be met.
Earlier research work (in the late 1980s) has been conducted at Bell Labs and MIT.
[Ref 25, 27 & 28], University of Strathclyde [Ref 24] and at BTRL [Ref 22 and 37].
In all of these cases the real time implementation issues were not fijlly addressed. In
this thesis the research work reported provides the main criteria for the implementation
of real-time interactive speech on both existing and newly installed networks.
With such enhanced communication facilities, designers and engineers on the shop
floor can be projected into their suppliers, providing a much greater integration
between manufacturer and supplier which will be beneficial as Concurrent and
Simultaneous Engineering Methodologies are further developed.
As a result, various LANs have been evaluated as to their suitability for the
transmission of real time interactive speech. As LANs, in general, can be separated
into those with either deterministic or stochastic access mechanisms, investigations were
carried out into the ability of both the:
(i) Token Passing Bus LANs supporting the Manufacturing and
Automation Protocol (MAP)—Deterministic
and
(u) Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) LANs
supporting the Technical Office Protocol (TOP)— Stochastic
to support real time interactive speech, as both are used extensively in commerce and
manufacturing.
The thesis that real time interactive speech can be transmitted over LANs employed in
a computer integrated manufacturing environment has to be moderated following the
tests carried out in this work, as follows:-
The Token Passing LAN presents no serious problems under normal
traffic conditions, however, the CSMA/CD LAN can only be used in
relatively light traffic conditions i.e. below 30% of its designed
maximum capacity, providing special arrangements are made to
minimise the access, transmission and processing delays of speech
packets.
Given that a certain amount of delay is inevitable in packet switched systems (LANs),
investigations have been carried out into techniques for reducing the subjective efifect
of speech packet loss on real-time interactive systems due to the unacceptable delays
caused by the conditions mentioned above
Ranunculin
In the title molecule {systematic name: (5S)-5-[(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)methyl]furan-2(5H)-one}, C11H16O8, the five-membered ring is essentially planar, the maximum deviation being 0.0151 (13) Å for the O atom. The six-membered ring adopts a chair conformation with puckering parameters Q = 0.581 (2) Å, θ = 9.0 (2)° and ϕ = 39.7 (13)°, and with all of the substituents of the glucoside unit having normal equatorial orientations. The crystal structure is stabilized by extensive O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding, resulting in a three-dimensional network
Dendritic subglacial drainage systems in cold glaciers formed by cut-and-closure processes
The routing and storage of meltwater and the configuration of drainage systems in glaciers exert a profound influence on glacier behaviour. However, little is known about the hydrological systems of cold glaciers, which form a significant proportion of the total glacier population in the climate sensitive region of the High Arctic. Using glacio-speleological techniques, we obtained direct access to explore and survey three conduit systems and one moulin within the tongue area of Tellbreen, a small cold-based valley glacier in central Spitsbergen. More than 600 m of conduits were surveyed and mapped in plan, profile and cross-section view to analyse the configuration of the drainage system. The investigations revealed that cold-based glaciers can exhibit a dendritic drainage network with supra-, en- and subglacial components formed most likely by cut-and-closure processes as well as surface-to-bed drainage via moulins. Furthermore, we observed that water is stored within the glacier and released gradually via subglacial conduits during the winter months, forming a large and active icing in the proglacial area. The presence of supra-, en- and subglacial components, the surface-to-bed moulin and the dendritic subglacial drainage network suggest that existing models and understanding of the hydrology of cold glaciers needs to be re-evaluated, mostly concerning the different possible pathways and processes that form the hydrological system
(20S)-20-Acetamido-18-chloro-5α-pregnan-3β-yl acetate
In the title compound, C25H40ClNO3, prepared by the thermolysis of (20S)-O,N-diacetyl-20-amino-N-chloro-3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnane, the three six-membered rings adopt chair conformations while the five-membered ring is in an envelope conformation. The ester group attached to ring A is in an equatorial position. All the rings are trans-fused. Intramolecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl interactions occur. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O interactions close contacts occur
Glacitectonism, subglacial and glacilacustrine processes during a Neoproterozoic panglaciation, north-east Svalbard
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