Biological and integrated control of musk thistle in Missouri (2001)

"New 8/01/5M.""Integrated pest management.""The authors acknowledge the work of William Dierker (retired), Mahlon L. Fairchild (retired), James H. Jarman (University Outreach and Extension, Callaway County), and Richard McDonald (Symbiont, Sugar Grove, N.C.) in the development of this guide.""This publication replaces MU publication G4867, Integrated Control of Musk Thistle Using an Introduced Weevil.""Weed control.

An Ultrastructural and Fluorescent Study of the Teratocytes of Microctonus aethiopoides

The braconid wasp Microctonus aethiopoides Loan is an idiobiont endoparasitoid of alfalfa weevil adults Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). After oviposition and subsequent egg maturation, large trophic cells called teratocytes dissociate from the serosa and are released into the host hemocoel. These teratocytes are present in large numbers and are visible to the naked eye. It is thought that they accumulate host hemocoelic metabolites for later consumption by the parasitoid larvae. We have undertaken a microscopic study of these gargantuan and complex cells at approximately seven months after parasitization. Parasitized adult weevils were dissected into medium and teratocytes were fixed, embedded, and sectioned at 1 μm. Teratocytes were stained with various specific fluorescent dyes for plasma membrane, Golgi, nuclei, lysosomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The surface of each cell is covered with a dense microvillar layer. Analysis of fluorescent images showed that these cells do not have condensed nuclei. ER was abundant around the nuclear envelope. Lysosomes were positioned around the periphery of the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus was significantly enlarged, being located around the nuclear envelope

Integrated control of musk thistle using an introduced weevil (1993)

Reviewed October 1, 1993

Controlling musk thistle with an introduced weevil

"The musk thistle, Cardus thoermeri* Weinmann, is a species native to Europe. Accidentally introduced to the United States in the late 1800s, the musk thistle has multiplied rapidly throughout the north central region, including the Plains states. The first report of an infestation in Missouri came from Palmyra (Marion County) in 1941. Musk thistle was not recognized as a serious weed problem until about 1960 when it became abundant in pastures, primarily in the northwest and south central part of the state. Its proliferation then, and now (Figure 1), is the result of airborne seed dissemination and by the movement of hay contaminated with thistle seeds to uninfested areas."--First page.Mitchell Roof (Department of Entomology), Benjamin Puttler (USDA Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory), Laurel Anderson (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture)New 4/82/8

Aphis

Key to Aphis apterous viviparae feeding on Hypericum Characters useful to discriminate these species are included in the following morphological key for apterous viviparae, as well as in an online interactive key (Lagos & Voegtlin 2008). Couplets for species (A. hypericiphaga, A. hypericiradicis, A. pavlovski and A. chloris) were adapted from Blackman & Eastop (2006). 1. Ultimate rostral segment without accessory setae. Antennae five segmented. Abdomen with dorsal sclerites. Waxy black aphid on H. kalmianum (Figure 1, Figure 8 A)........................................................... mizzou sp.n. -. Ultimate rostral segment with two or more accessory setae. Antennae six segmented. Abdomen without dorsal sclerites.... 2 2. Siphunculi 0.3–0.7 × length of cauda…..................................................................... 3 -. Siphunculi 0.8–2.5 × length of cauda…..................................................................... 4 3. Cauda with 6–7 setae. Hind coxa, trochanter, cauda and subgenital plate dusky. Siphunculi dark. Body reddish, dorsum cov- ered with wax. (Figure 5, Figure 8 B)................................................................ hyperici -. Cauda with 12 or more setae. Hind trochanter, cauda, siphunculi, and subgenital plate pale. Body pale yellowish and greenish. Oval wax patches laterally on abdominal and thoracic segments. (Figure 8 C).......................... hypericiphaga 4. Dome-like marginal tubercles on all abdominal segments….................................................... 5 -. Dome-like marginal tubercles restricted to abdominal tergites 1 and 7 ….......................................... 6 5. Antenna VI Pt/Base 2.2–2.8. Marginal tubercles on abdominal tergites 1–4 and 7........................ hypericiradicis -. Antenna VI Pt/Base 1.5–1.7. Marginal tubercles on all abdominal tergites.............................. …. pavlovski 6. Cauda dark, with 4–7 setae. Antenna VI Pt/Base 1.6–2.1 …............................................... chloris -. Cauda pale, with 5–7 setae. Antenna VI Pt/Base 2.4–3.1 …............................................... gossypiiPublished as part of Lagos, Doris M., Puttler, Benjamin, Voegtlin, David J. & Giordano, Rosanna, 2012, A new species of Aphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Missouri on St. John's Wort, Hypericum kalmianum, and re-description of Aphis hyperici Monell, pp. 81-92 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 91, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21001

Aphis mizzou Lagos and Puttler, sp.n.

Aphis mizzou Lagos and Puttler sp.n. Diagnosis. A. mizzou is considered to be a new species because the antennae of both the apterous and alate viviparae are five-segmented and the ultimate rostral segment has no accessory setae. The dorsal abdomen has sclerites and the cuticle is strongly reticulate. The secondary sensoria of alatae are arranged in a single row. Both apterous and winged viviparous females are black in life. Apterous viviparae (n= 18 specimens) (Figure 1). Color in life: Head, thorax and abdomen black dusted with white wax. Femora black, and tibiae yellowish (Figure 8 A). Color on slide and morphological characters: Head: Dark. Antennal tubercles undeveloped. Antenna five-segmented, shorter than body. Antennal segments: first, second, apical part of fourth and fifth dusky; the other segments pale. Secondary sensoria absent on all antennal segments. Rostrum extending to mesocoxae, ultimate rostral segment without accessory setae. Thorax: Coxae dark and trochanters dusky. Femora dark except at the base. Tibiae pale, darkening near distal tip. Tarsi dusky. Abdomen: Cauda dark, tongue-shaped, with 6–11 setae. Siphunculi dark, lightly imbricated, without flange. Marginal sclerites pale. Pre-siphuncular and post-siphuncular sclerites absent. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal segments I and VII, absent from II, III, and IV. Dorsum of abdomen with wide transverse sclerites on VII and VIII, short band on VI, and scattered smaller sclerites on other abdominal segments. Abdominal tergite VIII with 2 setae. Sub-genital plate dusky, complete, with 1–3 anterior setae. Cuticle strongly reticulated. For morphometric data see Table 2. Alate viviparae (n= 20 specimens) (Figure 2). Color in life: Head, thorax and abdomen black covered dusted with white wax. Wings yellowish, transparent. Femora black, and tibiae yellowish (Figure 8 A). Color on slide and morphological characters: Head: Dark. Antennal tubercles undeveloped. Antenna five-segmented. shorter than body. All antennal segments dark. Antennal segments III and IV with secondary sensoria arranged in a single row. Rostrum does not reach the metacoxae, ultimate rostral segment without accessory setae. Thorax: Coxae and trochanters dark. Femora dark except at the base. Tibiae pale, darkening near distal tip. Tarsi dusky or dark. Abdomen: Cauda dark finger shaped, with 7–12 setae. Siphunculi dark, imbricated without flange. Marginal sclerites dark. Pre-siphuncular sclerite absent. Post-siphuncular sclerite dark. Marginal tubercles present on abdominal segments I and VII, and sometimes on II, III, and/or IV. Dorsal abdomen with transverse sclerites on VI, and VIII. Abdominal tergite VIII with 2 setae. Sub-genital plate dark, complete, with 2–4 setae on anterior part. Holotype apterous viviparous female (specimen number 511,101). Body 1.78, URS 0.09, accessory setae absent, antennal segments: III 0.28, IV 0.11, B 0.10, Pt 0.12, LHIII 0.007, hind tibiae 0.62, HT 2 0.12, tubercle I 0.028, tubercle VII 0.030, siphunculi 0.08, cauda 0.20, with 8 setae, abdominal tergite VIII with 2 setae, subgenital plate with 2 setae on anterior margin. Biology: Biological observations were first made on A. mizzou in 2005. The new species was not observed again until 2008 and was subsequently found in 2009, 2010 and 2011. It was not found on other Hypericum species growing on the campus of the University of Missouri, such as H. calycinum and a hybrid species H. “Hidcote”. Etymology: This species is named after the nickname for the Columbia campus of the University of Missouri, “ mizzou ”. Type material: Holotype: Apterous viviparous female, 511,101, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 38.9073 °N – 92.2805 °W, Boone County, MO, 12.v. 2009, on Hypericum kalmianum, B. Puttler, in Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) Insect Collection, Urbana. Paratypes: 1 alate viviparae, 4 apterous viviparae, 510,273–510,274, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 38.9073 °N – 92.2805 °W, Boone County, MO, 5.v. 2008, on H. kalmianum, B. Puttler; 1 alate vivipara, 5 apterous viviparous, 510354, 510355, 511,099 – 511,100, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 38.9073 °N – 92.2805 °W, Boone County, MO, 12.v. 2009, on H. kalmianum, B. Puttler. 14 alate viviparae, 511,102–511,113, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 38.9073 °N – 92.2805 °W, Boone County, MO, 20.iv. 2009, on H. kalmianum, B. Puttler; 9 alate viviparae, 7 apterous vivipara, 511,114–511,122, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 38.9073 °N – 92.2805 °W, Boone County, MO, 20.v. 2009, on H. kalmianum, B. Puttler. Paratypes are deposited at the INHS Insect Collection and W. R. Enns Entomology Museum, University of Missouri. Discussion: All collections of this species have been made in early spring and initially it was thought that A. mizzou might be the fundatrix morph of A. hyperici. However the color, in life, of both aphids observed on the same host plant, H. kalmianum, and at the same time in the field is different. Both species are dusted with wax but A. hyperici has a reddish body color while A. mizzou is black (Figure 8). It also is found primarily on new terminal growth and stems rather than on the underside of leaves that is the usual feeding site for A. hyperici. Further research needs to be focus on where this species spends the remainder of the year since its populations disappear from Hypericum by early summer. In contrast A. hyperici can be found on its host plant throughout the growing season. Phylogenetic analysis: An analysis was performed using EF 1 -α sequences alone and combined with COI, to test the relationship of A. hypericiphaga to A. hyperici and A. mizzou (A. hypericiphaga sequence was obtained from GenBank, accession number EU 358915). Pairwise distances for COI and EF 1 -α were calculated using the Kimura 2 Parameter distance model (Kimura 1980) in PAUP 4.0b 10 (Swofford 2001). PAUP was used to generate Neighbor-joining trees to graphically represent the distance between sequences. A total of 50 sequences for COI and EF 1 -α were used in this study and are available in GenBank under the following accession numbers JQ 860251 to JQ 860275 for COI and JQ 860276 to JQ 860298 for EF 1 -α (Table 1). Using COI, pairwise sequence divergence between A. hyperici and A. mizzou is 3.2 %. Foottit et al. (2008) cite numerous examples with intraspecific sequence divergence of less than 2 % in Aphis and other genera. Values of pairwise distances for the nuclear gene EF 1 -α are more conserved (Table 3). Pairwise comparisons using this latter gene between the morphologically closely related species A. hyperici and A. mizzou is 0.8 %, and of these two species to A. hypericiphaga is 2.9 % and 3.3 % respectively. Interestingly, A. hypericiphaga appears to be more closely related to A. gossypii (0.9 % EF 1 -α) than to the native American species included in this study (Figs. 3 and 4). Graphical representation of the Kimura 2 parameter distances of concatenated genes for all taxa, with the exception of A. hypericiphaga, indicates that A. hyperici and A. mizzou share the same clade as A. pulchella and A. fabae (Fig. 4).Published as part of Lagos, Doris M., Puttler, Benjamin, Voegtlin, David J. & Giordano, Rosanna, 2012, A new species of Aphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Missouri on St. John's Wort, Hypericum kalmianum, and re-description of Aphis hyperici Monell, pp. 81-92 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 84-87, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21001

Integrated control of musk thistle using an introduced weevil

"11/89/6M""Must thistle, carduus nutans L.,*** is a European weed introduced accidentally into the eastern seaboard of the United States in the mid-to-late-1800s. It has since spread throughout mot of North America, where it has become a weed of considerable economic importance. The first report of an infestation of musk thistle in Missouri came from Palmyra (Marion County) in 1941. Its status as a weed pest in Missouri was recognized in the early 1960s, when it became abundant in pastures, primarily in northwest and south central Missouri. By 1979, musk thistle was declared a "noxious" weed through Missouri state statute. Its proliferation (Figure 1) is caused by airborne seed dessimination and the movement of seed-contaminated hay to uninfested areas."--First page.Richard McDonald (Entomologist), Benjamin Puttler (Extension Associate, IPM), William Dierker (Extension Associate, IPM), James H. Jarman (Extension Associate, IPM), Mahlon L. Fairchild (Professor, College of Agriculture

Integrated control of musk thistle using an introduced weevil

"Musk thistle, Carduus thoermeri* Weinmann, is a European weed introduced accidentally into the Eastern seaboard of the United States in the mid-to late-1800s. It has since spread throughout most of North America, where it has become a weed of considerable economic importance. The first report of an infestation of musk thistle in Missouri came from Palmyra (Marion County) in 1941. Its status as a weed pest in Missouri was recognized in the early 1960s, when it became abundant in pastures, primarily in northwest and south central Missouri. By 1979, musk thistle was declared a "noxious" weed through Missouri state statute. Its proliferation (Figure 1) is caused by airborne seed dissemination and the movement of seed-contaminated hay to uninfested areas."--First page.Richard McDonald (Department of Entomology) Benjamin Puttler (Research Entomologist, USDA, ARS), William Dierker (Extension Associate, IPM), James H. Jarman (Extension Associate, IPM), Mahlon L. Fairchild (Professor College of Agriculture)Revised 10/86/6