Data

Raw data associated with all figures, tables and analyses

PERMANOVA repeated measures analysis examining survival of <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i> at day 18, 25 and 46 after settlement to natural biofilm plates and <i>Sargassum linearifolium</i> conditioned seawater.

<p>Significant differences (P<0.05) are in bold; df, degrees of freedom, MS, mean square.</p

The effect of temperature on settlement and post-settlement survival of <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i> in a small scale laboratory trial.

<p>(A) Settlement and post-settlement spine development. Letters denote significant differences (PERMANOVA, post-hoc pair-wise test). (B) Survival to 24 days. * denotes significant difference between treatments (PERMANOVA, post-hoc pair-wise test). Data are means ± SE.</p

PERMANOVA analysis of settlement of <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i> to <i>Sargassum linearifolium</i> conditioned seawater after 96 hours.

<p>Significant differences (P<0.05) are in bold; df, degrees of freedom, MS, mean square.</p

The effect of <i>Sargassum linearifolium</i> conditioned seawater in combination with natural biofilm settlement plates on settlement and post-settlement survival of <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i> in a commercial scale trial.

<p>(A) Location of settlement. Letters denote statistical differences (PERMANOVA, post-hoc pair-wise test). (B) Survival to 46 days. Control = natural biofilm plates, Biofilm + Conditioned Seawater = natural biofilm plates and <i>S. linearifolium</i> conditioned seawater. * denotes significant difference between treatments (PERMANOVA, P<0.05), NS = not significant. Data are means ± SE.</p

Settlement and post-settlement survival of <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i> induced to settle using natural biofilm in a commercial scale trial.

<p>(A) Location of newly settled sea urchins at first census. Letters denote statistical differences (PERMANOVA, post-hoc pair-wise test). (B) Survival to 31 days. Data are means ± SE.</p

Repeated measures PERMANOVA examining survival of <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i> at 6 time points to 24 days at five different temperatures.

<p>Significant differences (P<0.05) are in bold; df, degrees of freedom, MS, mean square.</p

Ingestion of Microplastic Has Limited Impact on a Marine Larva

There is increasing concern about the impacts of microplastics (<1 mm) on marine biota. Microplastics may be mistaken for food items and ingested by a wide variety of organisms. While the effects of ingesting microplastic have been explored for some adult organisms, there is poor understanding of the effects of microplastic ingestion on marine larvae. Here, we investigated the ingestion of polyethylene microspheres by larvae of the sea urchin, <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i>. Ingestion rates scaled with the concentration of microspheres. Ingestion rates were, however, reduced by biological fouling of microplastic and in the presence of phytoplankton food. <i>T. gratilla</i> larvae were able to egest microspheres from their stomach within hours of ingestion. A microsphere concentration far exceeding those recorded in the marine environment had a small nondose dependent effect on larval growth, but there was no significant effect on survival. In contrast, environmentally realistic concentrations appeared to have little effect. Overall, these results suggest that current levels of microplastic pollution in the oceans only pose a limited threat to <i>T. gratilla</i> and other marine invertebrate larvae, but further research is required on a broad range of species, trophic levels, and polymer types

The settlement of <i>Tripneustes gratilla</i> to mixed consortia, single strains and supernatants of bacteria isolated from macroalgae, biofilms and adult conspecifics.

<p>The full species names are presented in the text. ASW = Autoclaved Seawater. Data are means ± SE. Bars denote statistical differences (PERMANOVA, post-hoc pair-wise test).</p

Online Resource 1 and 2 from Indirect effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish, <i>Acanthaster planci</i>

Online Resource 1: Mean seawater treatment conditions during experiments. Online Resource 2: Statistical analyses