SISMO-HAÏTI: Projet de coopération pour le calcul de l´aléa et le risque sismique en Haïti

Le calcul de l´aléa et le risque sismique en Haït

Seismic Hazard and Risk in Central America

1999 Seismic Hazard In Guatemala 2001 Post-Event Mision 2006 Resis Ii Project Norad 2007 Workshop Seismic Hazard 2010 Book Amenaza Sísmica En América Central 2011 Cooperation Haití, República Dominicana, Puerto Ric

Sismo-haití:proyecto de cooperación para el cálculo de la peligrosidad y el riesgo sísmico en Haití

El terremoto ocurrido el 12 de enero de 2010 en Haití devastó la ciudad de Puerto Príncipe, interrumpiendo la actividad social y económica. El proyecto Sismo-Haití surgió como respuesta a la solicitud de ayuda del país ante esta catástrofe y está siendo llevado a cabo por el grupo de investigación en Ingeniería Sísmica de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, especialistas en geología y sismología de las universidades Complutense de Madrid, Almería y Alicante, el Consejo Superior de Iinvestigaciones Científicas y técnicos locales. En el marco del citado proyecto se realizará un estudio de la amenaza sísmica, con la consiguiente obtención de mapas de aceleraciones que sirvan de base para una primera normativa sismorresistente en el país. Asimismo, se llevará a cabo un estudio de riesgo sísmico en alguna población piloto, incluyendo estudios de microzonación y vulnerabilidad sísmica, así como la estimación de daños y pérdidas humanas ante posibles sismos futuros, cuyos resultados irán dirigidos al diseño de planes de emergencia. En este trabajo se presentan los primeros avances del proyecto. Uno de los objetivos más importantes del proyecto Sismo-Haití es la formación de técnicos en el país a través de la transmisión de conocimientos y experiencia que el grupo de trabajo tiene en materia de peligrosidad y riesgo sísmico, así como en todo lo relacionado con la gestión de la emergencia

Vulnerabilidad sísmica en Puerto Príncipe, Haití. Escala Macrosísmica Haitiana.

Haití, es un país claramente prioritario como receptor de cooperación para el desarrollo. Tras el terremoto del 12 de enero de 2010, se ha desarrollado un Proyecto de Cooperación Interuniversitaria entre la Universidad del Estado de Haití y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, financiado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo.El proyecto consiste en la formación y capacitación de los técnicos Haitianos para reconstruir su país. Se está trabajando en la creación de una escala macrosísmica Haitiana, partiendo como base de la Escala Macrosísmica Europea 1998. En este sentido, se hace un análisis exhaustivo de toda la documentación técnica y científica existente hasta la fecha sobre tipos de edificios, clases de vulnerabilidad y grados de daños dependiendo del tipo de edificio. Como caso de estudio se aplica en la ciudad de Puerto Príncipe.En primer lugar se ha clasificado el parque inmobiliario de Puerto Príncipe en diferentes tipologías constructivas, tras un trabajo de campo y teniendo en cuenta las guías de auto-construcción y reparación de edificios publicadas por el Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Transporte y Comunicaciones de Haití. (MTPTC).En el estudio de la vulnerabilidad, además del tipo de estructura de los edificios, se tiene en cuenta la habitabilidad básica que debe tener todo asentamiento humano, analizando no sólo el edificio, sino todo el entorno externo de espacios públicos, infraestructuras, dotaciones y servicios que, en conjunto,conforman el núcleo de cada población y permiten el funcionamiento eficiente del sistema de asentamientos del territorio habitado; pues, en última instancia, dicho territorio construido es el que mejor acota los riesgos ante la vulnerabilidad material y más garantiza la vida saludable de las personas. Los parámetros estudiados son: urbanísticos (anchos de vías, dimensiones de manzanas, trazado, infraestructuras,...), geológicos (estudios del efecto local e identificación de las fallas activas respecto a la edificación) y topográficos (implantación del edificio en zonas llanas, en laderas...). En último lugar, con todos estos datos y los daños registrados en el terremoto de enero de 2010, se hace una escala de intensidades macrosísmica y un plano de ordenación de la vulnerabilidad en Puerto Príncipe, que sirva de base a las autoridades haitianas para la planificación urbanística y la reconstrucción, mitigando de esta manera el riesgo símico. SUMMARY Haiti is a clear priority country as a recipient of development cooperation. After the earthquake of January 12, 2010, an Inter-University Cooperation Project has been developed between the State University of Haiti and the Polytechnic University of Madrid, funded by the Spanish Agency for International Development.The project consists of training and qualifying Haitian technicians to rebuild their country. We are currently working on the creation of a Haitian Macroseismic Scale,based on the European Macroseismic Scale 1998.For the accomplishment of this goal, a comprehensive (deep) analysis is being held, going through all the scientific and technical documentation to date, related to building types, kinds of vulnerability and degrees/ levels of damage depending on the type of building. As a case study, this has been applied to the city of Port-au-Prince.First of all, we have classified the housing typology of Port-au-Prince in different construction types, after carrying on field work in this area and keeping in mind the guidelines for self-construction and repairment of buildings published by the Ministry of Work, Transport and Communications of Haiti. (MTPTC).Regarding the study of vulnerability, besides the type of structure of the buildings, we take into account the basic habitability every human settlement should have, analyzing not only the building, but all the external environment of public spaces,infrastructures, amenities and services, which, as a whole, shape the core of each population and allow the efficient functioning of the settlement system on the inhabited territory. It is this territory,ultimately, the one that better narrows the risks when facing material vulnerability and that better ensures a healthy life for people. The studied parameters are: urban (lane width, block dimensions, layout, infrastructure...), geological (studies focusing on local effects and identification of the active faults in relation to the building) and topographical (implementation of the building on flat areas, slopes...)Finally, with all this data (information) and the registered damages related to the earthquake occurred in 2010, we create a Macroseismic Intensity Scale and a Management Plan of the vulnerability in Port-au-Prince. They will serve as a guideline for Haitians authorities in the urban planning and reconstruction, thus reducing seismic risk

Seismic Risk Scenarios in Puerto Principe (Haiti). A Tool for Reconstruction and Emergency Planning

The 12 January 2010, an earthquake hit the city of Port-au-Prince, capital of Haiti. The earthquake reached a magnitude Mw 7.0 and the epicenter was located near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km west of the capital. The earthquake occurred in the boundary region separating the Caribbean plate and the North American plate. This plate boundary is dominated by left-lateral strike slip motion and compression, and accommodates about 20 mm/y slip, with the Caribbean plate moving eastward with respect to the North American plate (DeMets et al., 2000). Initially the location and focal mechanism of the earthquake seemed to involve straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system (EPGFZ), however Hayes et al., (2010) combined seismological observations, geologic field data and space geodetic measurements to show that, instead, the rupture process involved slip on multiple faults. Besides, the authors showed that remaining shallow shear strain will be released in future surface-rupturing earthquakes on the EPGFZ. In December 2010, a Spanish cooperation project financed by the Politechnical University of Madrid started with a clear objective: Evaluation of seismic hazard and risk in Haiti and its application to the seismic design, urban planning, emergency and resource management. One of the tasks of the project was devoted to vulnerability assessment of the current building stock and the estimation of seismic risk scenarios. The study was carried out by following the capacity spectrum method as implemented in the software SELENA (Molina et al., 2010). The method requires a detailed classification of the building stock in predominant building typologies (according to the materials in the structure and walls, number of stories and age of construction) and the use of the building (residential, commercial, etc.). Later, the knowledge of the soil characteristics of the city and the simulation of a scenario earthquake will provide the seismic risk scenarios (damaged buildings). The initial results of the study show that one of the highest sources of uncertainties comes from the difficulty of achieving a precise building typologies classification due to the craft construction without any regulations. Also it is observed that although the occurrence of big earthquakes usually helps to decrease the vulnerability of the cities due to the collapse of low quality buildings and the reconstruction of seismically designed buildings, in the case of Port-au-Prince the seismic risk in most of the districts remains high, showing very vulnerable areas. Therefore the local authorities have to drive their efforts towards the quality control of the new buildings, the reinforcement of the existing building stock, the establishment of seismic normatives and the development of emergency planning also through the education of the population

Assessment of earthquake- triggered landslides in El Salvador based on an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model

Landslide hazard studies are appropriate for evaluation and mitigation plan development in potential areas for the occurrence of landslides. There are several techniques available for landslide hazard research, however statistical approaches provide rigorous analysis to assess landslide hazard over large regions. This study is an approach for assessing earthquake-triggered landslides hazard using artificial neural networks (ANN). The computational method for the training process is a back-propagation learning algorithm. It is applied to El Salvador, one of the most seismically active regions in Central America, where the last severe destructive earthquakes occurred in January 13th (Mw 7.7) and February 13th, 2001, (Mw 6.6). The first of these earthquakes triggered more the 500 landslides, included the most tragic in Las Colinas landslide, and killed at least 844 people

Interactive web visualization tools to the results interpretation of a seismic risk study aimed at the emergency levels definition

Results of a seismic risk assessment study are often applied and interpreted by users unspecialised on the topic or lacking a scientific background. In this context, the availability of tools that help translating essentially scientific contents to broader audiences (such as decision makers or civil defence officials) as well as representing and managing results in a user-friendly fashion, are on indubitable value. On of such tools is the visualization tool VISOR-RISNA, a web tool developed within the RISNA project (financed by the Emergency Agency of Navarre, Spain) for regional seismic risk assessment of Navarre and the subsequent development of emergency plans. The RISNA study included seismic hazard evaluation, geotechnical characterization of soils, incorporation of site effects to expected ground motions, vulnerability distribution assessment and estimation of expected damage distributions for a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The main goal of RISNA was the identification of higher risk area where focusing detailed, local-scale risk studies in the future and the corresponding urban emergency plans. A geographic information system was used to combine different information layers, generate tables of results and represent maps with partial and final results. The visualization tool VISOR-RISNA is intended to facilitate the interpretation and representation of the collection of results, with the ultimate purpose of defining actuation plans. A number of criteria for defining actuation priorities are proposed in this work. They are based on combinations of risk parameters resulting from the risk study (such as expected ground motion and damage and exposed population), as determined by risk assessment specialists. Although the values that these parameters take are a result of the risk study, their distribution in several classes depends on the intervals defined by decision takers or civil defense officials. These criteria provide a ranking of municipalities according to the expected actuation level and eventually, to alert levels. In this regard, the visualization tool constitutes an intuitive and useful tool that the end-user of the risk study may use to optimize and guide its application on emergency planning. The use of this type of tools can be adapted to other scenarios with different boundary conditions (seismicity level, vulnerability distribution) and user profiles (policy makers, stakeholders, students, general public) maintaining the same final goal: to improve the adaptation of the results of a scientific-technical work to the needs of other users with different backgrounds

Evaluación del riesgo sísmico con técnicas de información geográfica. Aplicación en Navarra

El SIG-RISNA es un sistema de información geográfica desarrollado en el marco de un proyecto de evaluación del riesgo sísmico en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra, Proyecto RISNA. El objetivo general del mismo es hacer una evaluación, de carácter científicotécnica, que sirva de base para desarrollar el Plan Especial de Emergencia de la región y para la identificación de municipios de especial riesgo de cara a su posterior estudio local. Para esta evaluación, se combinan diferentes factores influyentes en el riesgo sísmico, tales como la peligrosidad sísmica, las características geotécnicas del suelo y la vulnerabilidad de estructuras de la región. Todas estas variables se integran en la estimación del riesgo por medio un SIG, que constituye una herramienta de trabajo de gran utilidad, ya que facilita la interoperabilidad de los datos haciendo más manejable el gran volumen de información requerida y los numerosos procesos que intervienen en el cálculo. En este artículo de describirán las características y el esqueleto del SIG-RISNA, incluyendo los datos de partida necesarios y los procesos y análisis realizados para la consecución del mismo. El resultado de este estudio comprende un gran conjunto de variables que dan una visión global del riesgo sísmico en la región, como son la distribución de daños para diferentes tipologías, el daño medio y el número de edificaciones que quedarían inhabitables ante el movimiento esperado, entre otros. Estos resultados están destinados a la interpretación y toma de decisiones, de personal no especializado (técnicos y gestores de Protección Civil), hacia la gestión de la emergencia. Por este motivo, una transmisión comprensible de los resultados de forma que puedan ser correctamente interpretados se considera un apartado de especial importancia dentro del estudio. En este contexto se desarrolló el visualizador Web VISORRISNA, una aplicación Web que contiene todos los resultados del estudio expuestos por medio de un conjunto de capas de información temática y con un acceso múltiple a la correspondiente base de datos. Esta herramienta también fue diseñada para que los usuarios finales pudieran establecer diferentes niveles de actuación considerando el daño esperado en cada municipio, mediante un módulo específico creado con dicha finalidad

Evaluación de la Peligrosidad de Deslizamientos de laderas empleando Técnicas de Regresión Logística/ Hazard Assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides using logistic regression tecniques

In this paper, a hazard assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides model is applied to a local-scale area using logistic regression techniques. The probability of landslide occurrence is considered as dependent variable, which is modelized by a sigmoid function (taking values between 0 and 1), and the independent variables are the factors related to the susceptibility of the terrain. The methodology is implemented in a Geographical Information System (GIS), where the different susceptibility factors (elevation, slope, aspect, mean annual precipitation, lithology, land uses and roughness terrain) are stored, together with an inventory of landslides in order to calibrate the model in a subsequent phase. An application is developed in a 10x6 km area at Santa Tecla (El Salvador) , modelling the scenario of 13th January 2001 with the necessary information to define the susceptibility as well as the triggering function: digital cartography 1:25.000, geological maps, rainfall database and strong-motion records of the 2001 earthquake. Results show the variables that more influence susceptibility and a hazard map which is contrasted with the landslides inventory. Finally, a high concordance between the landslides inventory and high-hazard areas is observed

Comparative analysis between elastic response spectra of different European Seismic Codes.

A comparative analysis between the elastic response spectra defined by different European seismic codes is presented in this paper. The following normatives are analyzed: Spanish building code NCSE-02, Eurocode 8 (EC-8), Italian building code NTC-08 and National Annex to EC-8 for Portugal and France. The study is carried out in the frame of a project aimed at defining the Spanish National Annex to EC-8, and the results provide us with some criteria for establishing the spectral shapes and the soil coefficients to be used in the Spanish National Annex to EC-8 as well as in a new revision of the NCSE-0