A role for mitogen-activated protein kinase (Erk1/2) activation and non-selective pore formation in P2X7 receptor-mediated thymocyte death

Extracellular ATP (ATPe) binds to P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) expressed on the surface of cells of hematopoietic lineage, including murine thymocytes. Activation of P2X7R by ATPe results in the opening of cation-specific channels, and prolonged ATPe exposure leads to the formation of non-selective pores enabling transmembrane passage of solutes up to 900 Da. In the presence of ATPe, P2X7R-mediated thymocyte death is due primarily to necrosis/lysis and not apoptosis, as measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase indicative of a loss of plasma membrane integrity. The present study is focused on the identification of P2X7R signaling mediators in ATP-induced thymocyte necrosis/lysis. Thus, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation was found to be required for cell lysis, and both events were independent of ATP-induced calcium influx. P2X7R-dependent thymocyte death involved the chronological activation of Src family tyrosine kinase(s), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinaseErk1/2 module, and the proteasome. Although independent of this signaling cascade, non-selective pore formation may modulate ATP-mediated thymocyte death. These results therefore suggest a role for both activation of MAP kinaseErk1/2 and non-selective pore opening in P2X7R-induced thymocyte death

Pseudotyping serotype 5 adenovirus with the fiber from other serotypes uncovers a key role of the fiber protein in adenovirus 5-induced thrombocytopenia

Adenovirus (Ad) infection in humans is associated with inflammatory responses and thrombocytopenia. Although several studies were conducted in mice models to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms of Ad-induced inflammatory responses, only few of them turned their interest toward the mechanisms of Ad-induced thrombocytopenia. Using different depletion methods, the present study ruled out any significant role of spleen, macrophages, and vitamin K-dependent factor in Ad-induced thrombocytopenia. Interestingly, mice displaying thrombocytopenia expressed high levels of cytokines/chemokines after Ad administration. Most importantly, pseudotyping adenovirus with the fiber protein from other serotypes was associated with reduction of both cytokine/chemokine production and thrombocytopenia. Altogether, our results suggest that capsid fiber protein (and more precisely its shaft) of Ad serotype 5 triggers the cytokine production that leads to Ad-induced thrombocytopenia

The FANC pathway is activated by adenovirus infection and promotes viral replication-dependent recombination

Deciphering the crosstalk between a host cell and a virus during infection is important not only to better define viral biology but also to improve our understanding of cellular processes. We identified the FANC pathway as a helper of viral replication and recombination by searching for cellular targets that are modified by adenovirus (Ad) infection and are involved in its outcome. This pathway, which is involved in the DNA damage response and checkpoint control, is altered in Fanconi anaemia, a rare cancer predisposition syndrome. We show here that Ad5 infection activates the FANC pathway independent of the classical DNA damage response. Infection with a non-replicating Ad shows that the presence of viral DNA is not sufficient to induce the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 but still activates the DNA damage response coordinated by phospho-NBS1 and phospho-CHK1. E1A expression alone fails to induce FANCD2 monoubiquitination, indicating that a productive viral infection and/or replication is required for FANC pathway activation. Our data indicate that Ad5 infection induces FANCD2 activation to promote its own replication. Specifically, we show that FANCD2 is involved in the recombination process that accompanies viral DNA replication. This study provides evidence of a DNA damage-independent function of the FANC pathway and identifies a cellular system involved in Ad5 recombination

Rôle des molécules d'apoptose de la famille du TNF dans l'hépatite auto-immune induite par la concanavaline A et l'hépatite associée au transfert de gènes par les adénovirus recombinants

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Two key challenges for effective adenovirus-mediated liver gene therapy: innate immune responses and hepatocyte-specific transduction.

Adenovirus (Ad) are valuable vectors for liver gene therapy because of their intrinsic ability to transduce hepatocytes following intravenous administration. However, the effective application of these vectors, including helper-dependent Ad unable to trigger viral gene expression, for liver gene therapy in humans has been limited due to several obstacles. First, their high immunogenicity triggers a complex immune response, both innate and adaptive, that leads to hepatocyte destruction, reducing the duration of transgene expression. This high immunogenicity also induces a long lasting cellular and humoral immunity that impairs subsequent re-administration. Second, Ad vectors transduce not only hepatocytes but also other cell types from the liver or other organs. This Ad vector dissemination contributes to their toxicity and immunogenicity, further reducing the effective period of transgene expression. A better understanding of the interactions between Ad vectors and their host underlying the acute liver toxicity and hepatocyte transduction is required to improve the efficacy and duration of gene delivery in vivo. The aim of this review is to discuss insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in Ad vector-mediated innate immune responses. Current advances in the knowledge of Ad liver tropism and the influence of blood components on Ad vector uptake by the liver will be discussed. Finally, different approaches developed to minimize Ad vector toxicity, optimize delivery and increase transgene expression will be summarized. The full potential of Ad vectors will only be reached when their immunogenicity is abolished and hepatocyte-specific transduction achieved

Potentialisation de la virothérapie anti-tumorale basée sur des adénovirus oncolytiques dans le traitement des cancers côliques et rénaux

Nous avons mis en place au cours de ce travail de thèse différentes stratégies permettant d améliorer l efficacité thérapeutique des adénovirus (Ad) oncolytiques contre différents types de tumeurs. Une première stratégie a été de combiner un inhibiteur d histone-désacétylase, l acide valproique (VPA) avec un Ad oncolytique à capside sauvage E1 24 (CRAd) dans le traitement de carcinomes côliques. Nous avons dans un premier temps démontré que la combinaison du CRAd et du VPA permettait une diminution plus importante de la survie des cellules cancéreuses côliques comparé au simple traitement basé sur le CRAd ou le VPA in vitro mais aussi in vivo.De plus, nous avons observé que cet effet n était pas lié à une meilleure réplication du CRAd par le VPA. En effet, le VPA provoquait un ralentissement de la réplication virale à des temps précoces mais ne modifiait pas la production virale. Nous avons également découvert que le co-traitement CRAd+VPA conduisait à une forte inhibition de la croissance cellulaire mais aussi à une mort cellulaire non apoptotique. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence que les cellules co-traitées par le CRAd et le VPA affichaient une forte polyploïdie accompagnée d une augmentation de la phosphorylation de l histone H2AX, un marqueur de dommages à l ADN. Une deuxième stratégie a été de fournir aux Ad oncolytiques de nouvelles voies d entrée afin d infecter et de détruire plus efficacement des cellules de carcinomes rénaux réfractaires à l infection adénovirale. Nous avons démontré que les CRAd à hexon modifié porteurs d un ligand CKS-17 (Ad-HCKS-17-E1 24) ou à fibre modifiée de sérotype 3 (AdF3-E1 24) étaient capables d infecter et de tuer plus efficacement ces cellules qu un CRAd à capside sauvage in vitro. Malheureusement in vivo, les modifications de capside n ont permis ni d améliorer l entrée des CRAd dans les tumeurs rénales, ni d améliorer leur efficacité anti-tumorale. Cependant, nous avons observé qu après administration intra-tumorale, les Ad à capside modifiée présentaient un plus faible tropisme hépatique comparé à un Ad à capside sauvage.During this thesis, we investigated different strategies to increase the therapeutic effects of oncolytic adenovirus (CRAd) to fight several kinds of tumors.The first strategy seeks to evaluate in human colon carcinomas the association of a CRAd bearing 24 deletion in E1A with valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Interestingly, this combination led to a dramatic reduction of cell survival both in vitro and in vivo compared to single treatment with CRAd or VPA. This effect did not stem from a better CRAd replication and production in the presence of VPA. Inhibition of cell proliferation and a non-apoptotic cell death were shown to be two mechanisms mediating the effects of the combined treatment. Interestingly, whereas cells treated only with CRAd displayed a > 4N population and polyploidy, this phenotype was strongly increased in cells treated with both CRAd and VPA. In addition, the increase in polyploidy triggered by a combined treatment with CRAd and VPA was associated with the enhancement of H2AX phosphorylation (gH2AX), a hallmark of DNA damage. The second strategy developed aimed to find new entry pathways allowing CRAd to better infect and kill renal tumor cells, known to be refractory of Ad infection. We demonstrated that CRAd with capsid modified (Ad-HCKS-17-E1 24 and AdF3-E1 24), containing respectively a ligand CKS-17 in hexon or a fiber of serotype 3, were more efficient to infect different renal cell carcinomas in vitro compared to a CRAd with a wild type capsid. However, these capsid-modified oncolytic adenovirus provoked, neither increase of the infection level, nor a better efficacy of growth inhibition in renal tumor xenografts bearing by nude mice. Nevertheless, both types of modifications reduce Ad ability to transduce hepatocytes after intratumoral injection.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Vaccination basée sur l'insertion d'épitopes dans la capside adénovirale

LE KREMLIN-B.- PARIS 11-BU Méd (940432101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modification génétique du tropisme des vecteurs adénoviraux (amélioration du ciblage et réduction de la toxicité)

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF