Do the origins of primary teeth affect the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin?

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to three different dentinal substrates. Primary molar teeth that had been recently exfoliated (RE), with unknown time of exfoliation (UT), and extracted due to prolonged retention (PR) were used for this investigation. Ten primary molar teeth of each group were cut in the middle following the mesio-distal direction, creating a total of twenty specimens per group. The specimens were included in acrylic resin and had a flat dentin surface exposed. The self-etching adhesive system was applied to this surface and a 3-millimeter high cone with diameter of 2 mm in the adhesion area was constructed using composite resin. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 24 hours. Fifteen specimens of each substrate were used for the tensile bond test (n = 15) and 5 had the interface analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data was examined by one-way ANOVA and presented no significant differences between groups (p = 0.5787). The mean values obtained for RE, UT and PR were 18.39 ± 9.70, 19.41 ± 7.80, and 23.30 ± 9.37 MPa, respectively. Any dentinal substrates of primary teeth studied are safe for tensile bond strength tests with adhesive systems

Consumption of ultra-processed foods : an assessment of the literature on determinants of ultra-processed food consumption and an investigation of the potential effect of time scarcity

Masteroppgave folkehelsevitenskap - Universitetet i Agder 2016Background Highly processed foods have been classified as ultra-processed, and consumption of such foodstuffs have expanded rapidly over the last decades. Ultra-processed foods are characterized as being accessible, attractive, palatable and often time-saving. An excess intake of ultra-processed foods has been associated with increased risk of e.g. overweight/obesity and diabetes type II. The aim of this master’s project was to investigate factors influencing consumption of ultra-processed foods. This resulted in one review paper on young adults, and one cross-sectional study where the association between time scarcity and ultra-processed food consumption was investigated. Methods In order to identify relevant material for the review paper, a systematic literature search was conducted in four databases, using a two-folded search string with terms indicative of ultra-processed foods and determinants. The cross-sectional study included 497 participants. A validated score was used as an indicator of time scarcity, and three scores were developed as indicators of ultra-processed food consumption; ultra-processed dinner products, snacks & soft drinks, fast foods. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between time scarcity and consumption of ultra-processed foods. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Results In total, 65 studies were included in the review paper, and the majority of these investigated determinants on the individual level. Gender, younger age and more television watching were associated with consumption of ultra-processed foods. The cross-sectional study showed that participants with higher degree of time scarcity had higher odds of being high consumers of fast foods. Regression analyses also showed sociodemographic differences in consumption of ultra-processed foods. Conclusions Future research should further investigate factors influencing consumption of ultra-processed foods, particularly on the environmental level where there is currently a lack of research. Intervention studies and studies with a longitudinal design are needed. Keywords Ultra-processed food, processed food, determinants, time scarcity, young adult

In vitro study of the influence of Streptococcus mutans contamination and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate disinfection on bond strength of adhesive systems to human dentin

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar, in vitro, a influência da contaminação com Streptococcus mutans e da desinfecção com solução de digluconato de clorexidina 2% na adesão de dois sistemas adesivos (um sistema adesivo com condicionamento ácido prévio e um sistema adesivo autocondicionante) à dentina de molares humanos. Para o estudo, foram utilizados 80 terceiros molares humanos hígidos, com a face oclusal lixada até a exposição de uma superfície plana de dentina. Os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 8 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o sistema adesivo utilizado e tratamento superficial realizado: G1 ? Controle Single Bond 2 (SB); G2 ? Controle Clearfil SE Bond (SE); G3 ? Desinfecção com clorexidina SB; G4 ? Desinfecção com clorexidina SE; G5 ? Contaminação com Streptococcus mutans SB; G6 ? Contaminação com Streptococcus mutans SE; G7 ? Contaminação com Streptococcus mutans e desinfecção com clorexidina SB e G8 ? Contaminação com Streptococcus mutans e desinfecção com clorexidina SE. Corpos de prova em resina composta foram confeccionados nas superfícies tratadas e os dentes foram armazenados em água destilada à 37ºC por 24 horas. As amostras foram seccionadas verticalmente obtendo-se espécimes com área de secção transversal de aproximadamente 0,8mm2, que foram tracionados a velocidade de 0,5mm/min em máquina de ensaios universal. Cinco espécimes de cada grupo tiveram a interface adesiva analisada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados de resistência de união foram analisados usando os testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05). Os modos de fraturas foram avaliados por meio de lupa esteroscópica (25X). Discos de dentina foram obtidos de 6 dentes adicionais, para observação em MEV das superfícies submetidos aos mesmos tratamentos realizados para o teste de microtração. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos controles (G1 = 31,52 ± 6,24 e G2 = 42,88 ± 2,31), o tratados com clorexidina (G3 = 34,41 ± 6,92 e G4 = 40,14 ± 2,91) e os grupos que foram submetidos à contaminação com Streptococcus mutans e descontaminação com clorexidina (G7 = 31,12 ± 5,31 e G8 = 39,09 ± 3,86). Os grupos submetidos à contaminação com Streptococcus mutans que não foram descontaminados antes da aplicação dos sistemas adesivos tiveram resultados significantemente menores que os grupos estéreis e descontaminados (G5 = 23,61 ± 7,13 e G6 = 33,15 ± 3,35). O sistema adesivo Clearfil SE Bond apresentou valores de resistência de união significantemente maiores que o sistema adesivo Single Bond 2, independente do tratamento da superficial dentina. Pôde-se concluir que a contaminação in vitro com Streptococcus mutans comprometeu a adesão dos dois sistemas adesivos e a solução de digluconato de clorexidina 2% foi capaz de eliminar a contaminação, restabelecendo os valores de resistência de união obtidos com o substrato estéril.The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the influence of Streptococcus mutans contamination and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate disinfection on the bond strength of two adhesive systems (an etch-and-rinse system and a self-etch system) to human dentin molars. Flat dentinal surfaces were prepared in 80 extracted human third molars. Teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=10) according to the adhesive system and the dentin superficial treatment: G1 ? Single Bond 2 (SB) control; G2 ? Clearfil SE Bond (SE) control; G3 ? Desinfection with chlorhexidine SB; G4 ? Desinfection with chlorhexidine SE; G5 ? Contamination with Streptococcus mutans SB; G6 ? Contamination with Streptococcus mutans SE; G7 ? Contamination with Streptococcus mutans and desinfection with chlorhexidine SB e G8 ? Contamination with Streptococcus mutans and desinfection with chlorhexidine SE. Composite resin blocks were built up over treated surfaces, and teeth were then stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Samples were vertically sectioned, obtaining specimens with 0.8mm2 cross-sectional area. Specimens were stressed in tension at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. Five specimens of which group were observed under SEM. Bond strength results were evaluated using ANOVA and Tukey tests(p<0.05). The modes of failures were verified using optical microscope (25X). Dentin disks were obtained from 6 additional teeth treated in the same manner for observation under SEM. No statistically significant differences of bond strength values were found between controls groups (G1 = 31,52 ± 6,24 e G2 = 42,88 ± 2,31), groups treated with chlorhexidine (G3 = 34,41 ± 6,92 e G4 = 40,14 ± 2,91) and groups contaminated with Streptococcus mutans (G7 = 31,12 ± 5,31 e G8 = 39,09 ± 3,86). The groups contaminated with Stretococcus mutans that were not desinfected before the adhesive systems application presented significantly lesser results than sterile or desinfected groups (G5 = 23,61 ± 7,13 e G6 = 33,15 ± 3,35). Clearfil SE Bond presented significant high bond strenght values than Single Bond 2, independent of dentin superficial treatment. It was concluded that the contamination in vitro with Streptococcus mutans reduced bond strength of the two adhesives systems and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution eliminated the contamination, reestablishing the bond strength values gotten with sterile substrates

In vitro study of influence of hardness and elasticity module of adhesive sistems in bond strenght to human dentin

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dureza e o módulo de elasticidade da região de adesão quando utilizados diferentes sistemas adesivos e uma resina composta imediatamente após o procedimento adesivo e após 6 meses de armazenamento, correlacionando esses valores com a resistência adesiva à dentina humana. Para isso foram medidos a dureza e o módulo de elasticidade da resina composta junto à área de união, da camada de adesivo, da camada híbrida, e da dentina adjacente utilizando testes de nanoendentação. Foram utilizados 40 molares humanos hígidos (n=10). Os dentes foram preparados de modo a obterem-se superfícies planas em dentina, sobre as quais os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes. Foram utilizados quatro sistemas adesivos de diferentes formas de aplicação (Adper Scotchbond Multiuso, Adper Single Bond 2, Adper SE Plus e Clearfil SE Bond). Sobre essas superfícies foram inseridos incrementos de resina composta perfazendo 5 mm de altura. Após 24h de armazenamento em água destilada à 37ºC. Os dentes restaurados foram seccionados para obterem-se corpos-de-prova com área aderida de 1mm2. Dos corpos de prova viáveis, 2 palitos centrais de cada dente foram selecionados para análise da nanodureza e do módulo de elasticidade da interface adesiva. Os demais tiveram a resistência de união testada através do teste de microtração, sendo metade desses corpos de prova armazenados durante 6 meses em água à 37ºC. Foi aplicado o teste estatístico ANOVA para dois fatores para todas as variáveis do estudo. Para o fator tempo foi detectada diferença estatística entre os grupos para a resistência adesiva (p=0,042), para o módulo de elasticidade do adesivo (p=0,000) e nanodureza do adesivo (p=0,000), sendo os valores mais baixos observados após 6 meses de armazenamento. Para o fator adesivo, todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (p=0,000), exceto para a variável nanodureza da camada híbrida (p=0,255). O sistema adesivo Clearfil SE Bond apresentou os melhores valores para resistência adesiva e módulo de elasticidade da camada híbrida, juntamente com o sistema Scothbond Multiuso. Os piores desempenhos foram demonstrados pelo sistema adesivo Adper SE Plus. Para a interação, apenas a variável nanodureza do adesivo apontou diferença entre os grupos (p=0,028). O teste de correlação de Pearson detectou correlação significante para as variáveis de módulo de elasticidade, sendo negativa para o módulo de elasticidade do adesivo e positiva para o módulo de elasticidade da camada híbrida. A metodologia e os resultados apresentados permitem-nos concluir que as propriedades mecânicas estudadas (resistência adesiva, módulo de elasticidade do sistema adesivo e da camada híbrida, nanodureza do sistema adesivo e da camada híbrida) podem variar dependendo do sistema adesivo utilizado e do tempo de armazenamento após o procedimento adesivo ter sido realizado. Além disso, quanto maior o módulo de elasticidade da camada híbrida apresentado por um sistema adesivo maior será sua resistência adesiva e menor será o módulo de elasticidade apresentado pela camada de adesivo.The aim of this study is to evaluate hardness and elasticity module of adhesive region of adhesive systems of different formulations immediately and 6 moths after the adhesive procedures. Those values will be compared to microtensile bond strength to human dentin. The hardness and elasticity module of composite resin next to adhesion region, adhesive layer, hybrid layer and dentin were evaluated. Forty sound human molars were used and prepared in order to obtain flat dentin surfaces in which the adhesive systems were applied following manufactures instructions (n=10). The groups were divided according the four adhesive systems: Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose, Adper Single Bond 2, Adper SE Plus and Clearfil SE Bond. Resin blocks of 5mm were constructed in those surfaces. After 24h of storage in distilled water at 37°C restored teeth were sectioned in order to obtain specimen with a bonded area of around 1mm2. Two specimen of each tooth were submitted to nanohardness and elasticity module test of adhesive interface. Half of the specimen were immediately submitted to the test with a crosshead speed of 0,5mm/min until fracture, the other specimen were stored for additional 6 month in 37ºC water prior to the test. The values resulting of all variables of the study were compared using ANOVA two-way. For the time factor, it was detected statiscal difference between groups in microtensile bond strength values (p=0,042), adhesive elastic modulus (p=0,000) and adhesive nanohardnes (p=0,000), the lowest values were observed in 6 months of storage. For adhesive factor, all groups presented statistical difference (p=0,000), except hybrid layer nanohardness (p=0,255). Clearfil SE bond and Scothbond systems presented the best values of bond strength and hybrid layer elastic modulus. The worse performance was demonstrated by Adper SE Plus adhesive system. For the interaction, only the adhesive nanohardness presents difference between groups (p=0,028). The Pearson correlation test detected positive correlation with microtensile bond strength tests and hybrid layer elastic modulus and negative correlation with bond strength and adhesive elastic modulus. The methodology and the results allow us to conclude that the studied mechanical properties (bond strength, modulus of elasticity of the adhesive and hybrid layer, nanohardness adhesive system and the hybrid layer) may vary depending on the adhesive system and time storage after the bonding procedures have been performed. Moreover, when an adhesive system presents a high elastic modulus of hybrid layer, it will present a high bond strength and low elastic modulus of adhesive layer

Histological and radiographic evaluation of the muscle tissue of rats after implantation of bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP-2) in a scaffold of inorganic bone and after stimulation with low-power laser light

<b>Objective:</b> The present study histologically and radiologically evaluates the muscle tissue of rats after implantation of bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP-2) in a natural inorganic bone mineral scaffold from a bull calf femur and irradiation with low-power light laser. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The right and left hind limbs of 16 rats were shaved and an incision was made in the muscle on the face corresponding to the median portion of the tibia, into which rhBMP-2 in a scaffold of inorganic bone was implanted. Two groups of limbs were formed: control (G1) and laser irradiation (G2). G2 received diode laser light applied in the direction of the implant, at a dose of 8 J/cm2 for three minutes. On the 7th, 21st, 40th and 112th days after implantation, hind limbs of 4 animals were radiographed and their implants removed together with the surrounding tissue for study under the microscope. The histological results were graded as 0=absence, 1=slight presence, 2=representative and 3=very representative, with regard to the following events: formation of osteoid structure, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, fibrin deposition, neovascularization, foreign-body granuloma and fibrosis. <b>Results:</b> There were no statistically significant differences in these events at each evaluation times, between the two groups (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05; Mann-Whitney test). Nevertheless, it could be concluded that the natural inorganic bone matrix with rhBMP-2, from the femur of a bull calf, is a biocompatible combination. <b>Conclusions: </b>Under these conditions, the inductive capacity of rhBMP-2 for cell differentiation was inhibited. There was a slight acceleration in tissue healing in the group that received irradiation with low-power laser light

Consumption of ultra-processed foods : an assessment of the literature on determinants of ultra-processed food consumption and an investigation of the potential effect of time scarcity

Masteroppgave folkehelsevitenskap - Universitetet i Agder 2016Background Highly processed foods have been classified as ultra-processed, and consumption of such foodstuffs have expanded rapidly over the last decades. Ultra-processed foods are characterized as being accessible, attractive, palatable and often time-saving. An excess intake of ultra-processed foods has been associated with increased risk of e.g. overweight/obesity and diabetes type II. The aim of this master’s project was to investigate factors influencing consumption of ultra-processed foods. This resulted in one review paper on young adults, and one cross-sectional study where the association between time scarcity and ultra-processed food consumption was investigated. Methods In order to identify relevant material for the review paper, a systematic literature search was conducted in four databases, using a two-folded search string with terms indicative of ultra-processed foods and determinants. The cross-sectional study included 497 participants. A validated score was used as an indicator of time scarcity, and three scores were developed as indicators of ultra-processed food consumption; ultra-processed dinner products, snacks & soft drinks, fast foods. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between time scarcity and consumption of ultra-processed foods. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Results In total, 65 studies were included in the review paper, and the majority of these investigated determinants on the individual level. Gender, younger age and more television watching were associated with consumption of ultra-processed foods. The cross-sectional study showed that participants with higher degree of time scarcity had higher odds of being high consumers of fast foods. Regression analyses also showed sociodemographic differences in consumption of ultra-processed foods. Conclusions Future research should further investigate factors influencing consumption of ultra-processed foods, particularly on the environmental level where there is currently a lack of research. Intervention studies and studies with a longitudinal design are needed. Keywords Ultra-processed food, processed food, determinants, time scarcity, young adult