Two literary responses to American society in the early modern era : a comparison of selected novels by Theodore Dreiser and Upton Sinclair in relation to their portrayal of the immigrant, the city, the business tycoon, women, and the problem of labour, 1900-1929

This thesis analyses the responses of Theodore Dreiser and Upton Sinclair to American society in the early modern era through their treatment of the immigrant, the city, the business tycoon, women, and the labour problem. The role of Dreiser and Sinclair as critics of American society has often been dealt with and highly praised. Although the thesis also discusses this particular aspect, its main purpose lies with the comparison of Dreiser's and Sinclair's ideological and literary responses to these socio-economic issues. The study starts with an account of the literary climate of the time. It shows that American literature at the close of the nineteenth century and in the early beginning of the twentieth century stems from the socio-economic and political unrest of the Gilded Age. American writers demonstrated an increasing concern with the evil consequences of the new technological development and felt it was their duty to record the prevailing conditions and express their reactions. They used the realist technique to describe things as they were and adopted naturalism to give a scientific study of their society. As a mirror of American society at the outset of the twentieth century, American fiction reflected the unrest and contradictions of this period and gave a clearer insight into the inner responses of American writers to the new order. It revealed that in spite of a general feeling of anxiety and disillusionment among American writers, individual reactions against the current events were diverse. They varied from an attitude of resignation and pessimistic speculations about America's future to an active desire to break rising capitalism and to reform American society. This analysis of Dreiser's and Sinclair's responses to some of the problems of America has been placed to a large extent in this divided socio-economic and literary climate. Thus while the comparison shows the two writers' strong indictment of American society, it also shows two distinct ideological and literary responses to its upheavals. Then the main body of the study divides into six chapters. Chapter one compares the socio-political and literary views of Dreiser and Sinclair and gives, thus, an idea about the spirit with which they treated their subject matter and the course of their literary works. This chapter also deals with the relationship between Dreiser and Sinclair in an attempt to find traces of a debate between the two writers on the socio-economic and literary situations in America. The following chapters focus on Dreiser's and Sinclair's treatment of the immigrant, the city, the business tycoon, women, and the labour problem. Each of these chapters starts with a brief historical account of the subject of study as a background to the fiction. Then it shows Dreiser's and Sinclair's respective concern with, and experience of, the problem, and moves onto the analysis of their literary treatment of it. The aim of this thesis has been to show that no matter what their artistic, ideological, and philosophical beliefs, American writers in the years of unrest which followed the large-scale industrialisation in their country, were called to assume their social responsibilities and contribute to the cause of social improvement

Improved field oriented control for stand alone dual star induction generator used in wind energy conversion

This paper presents a novel direct rotor flux oriented control with online estimation of magnetizing current and magnetizing inductance applied to self-excited dual star induction generator equipping a wind turbine in remote sites. The induction generator is connected to nonlinear load through two PWM rectifiers. The fuzzy logic controller is used to ensure the DC bus voltage a constant value when changes in speed and load conditions. In this study, a performance comparison between the conventional approach and the novel approach is made. The proposed control strategy is validated by simulation in Matlab/Simulink

Maximum number of limit cycles for generalized Liénard polynomial differential systems

summary:We consider limit cycles of a class of polynomial differential systems of the form $$\begin {cases} \dot {x}=y, \\ \dot {y}=-x-\varepsilon (g_{21}( x) y^{2\alpha +1} +f_{21}(x) y^{2\beta })-\varepsilon ^{2}(g_{22}( x) y^{2\alpha +1}+f_{22}( x) y^{2\beta }), \end {cases}$$ where $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are positive integers, $g_{2j}$ and $f_{2j}$ have degree $m$ and $n$, respectively, for each $j=1,2$, and $\varepsilon$ is a small parameter. We obtain the maximum number of limit cycles that bifurcate from the periodic orbits of the linear center $\dot {x}=y$, $\dot {y}=-x$ using the averaging theory of first and second order

Determination of equivalent continuum mechanical model for fractured EDZ around underground galleries by homogenization

International audienceAn Equivalent Continuum Model (ECM) is proposed in order to represent the hydromechanical behaviour of the fractured Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ) around deep underground galleries excavated in claystone. The fractures observed in these galleries show a regular trend that makes possible elaboration of ECM based on theoretical homogenization methods. The ECM established first for plane fracture surfaces is then extended to curved, conical shape, fractures surfaces based on some simplification assumptions. The stress and displacement fields have been compared around the EDZ by using the ECM in numerical simulation or by introducing the fractures individually as discontinuities in the model. The results show that however the size of EDZ is too small compared to that of Representative Elementary Volume (REV) considered in homogenization approaches, the ECM obtained in this way seems reproducing well the fractured EDZ behaviour

Computational study of the chemical reactivity properties of bis (trimethyl tetrathiafulvalenyl) thiophene

The chemical reactivity of four bis (trimethyltetrathiafulvalenyl) thiophene is determined by its potential (electronic) energy (hyper) surface. All the quantum chemical calculations have been carried out using DFT level of theory, B3LYP functional and 6-31G(d,p) as basis set. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and HOMO-LUMO energy levels have been performed. The local reactivity descriptor such as Fukui function is also performed to determine the reactive sites within the title molecules. The chemometric methods PCA and HCA were employed to find the subset of variables that could correctly classify the compounds according to their reactivity

dl-Asparaginium perchlorate

Two enantiomeric counterparts (l- and d-asparginium cations related by glide planes) are present in the structure of the title compound, C4H9N2O3 +·ClO4 −, with a 1:1 cation–anion ratio. The structure is built up from asparginium cations and perchlorate anions. In the crystal, mol­ecules assemble in double layers parallel to (100) through N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the asparginium layers, hydrogen bonds generate alternating R 2 2(8) and R 4 3(18) graph-set motifs. Further hydrogen bonds involving the anions and cations result in the formation of a three-dimensional network

4-Iodo­anilinium perchlorate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C6H7IN+·ClO4 −, the ions are connected in a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Adeninium cytosinium sulfate

In the title compound, C5H6N5 +·C4H6N3O+·SO4 2−, the adeninium (AdH+) and cytosinium (CytH+) cations and sulfate dianion are involved in a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network with four different modes, viz. AdH+⋯AdH+, AdH+⋯CytH+, AdH+⋯SO4 2− and CytH+⋯SO4 2−. The adeninium cations form N—H⋯N dimers through the Hoogsteen faces, generating a characteristic R 2 2(10) motif. This AdH+⋯AdH+ hydrogen bond in combination with AdH+⋯CytH+ H-bonds leads to two-dimensional cationic ribbons parallel to the a axis. The sulfate anions inter­link the ribbons into a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network and thus reinforce the crystal structure

dl-Asparaginium nitrate

In the title compound, C4H9N2O3 +·NO3 −, alternatively called (1RS)-2-carbamoyl-1-carboxy­ethanaminium nitrate, the asymmetric unit comprises one asparaginium cation and one nitrate anion. The strongest cation–cation O—H⋯O hydrogen bond in the structure, together with other strong cation–cation N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generates a succession of infinite chains of R 2 2(8) rings along the b axis. Additional cation–cation C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link these chains into two-dimensional layers formed by alternating R 4 4(24) and R 4 2(12) rings. Connections between these layers are provided by the strong cation–anion N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, as well as by one weak C—H⋯O inter­action, thus forming a three-dimensional network. Some of the cation–anion N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are bifurcated of the type D—H⋯(A 1,A 2)