The wage effects of entering motherhood: a within-firm matching approach

We analyze the wage effects of employment breaks of women entering motherhood using a novel within-firm matching approach where mothers? wages upon return to the job are compared with those of their female colleagues within the same firm. Using an administrative German data set we investigate three different matching procedures based on information two years before birth: (1) exact matching on individual characteristics, (2) propensity score matching and (3) a combined procedure of exact and propensity score matching. Our results yield new insights into the nature of the wage penalty associated with motherhood, since we find first births to reduce women?s wages by 16 to 19 percent, regardless of the matching procedure applied. Neglecting the firm identifier and matching across all firms, however, yields a wage cut of 30 percent. Furthermore, we can show that the wage loss increases with the duration of the employment break. --wages,parental leave,matching

The wage effects of entering motherhood : a within-firm matching approach

"We analyze the wage effects of employment breaks of women entering motherhood using a novel within-firm matching approach where mothers' wages upon return to the job are compared with those of their female colleagues within the same firm. Using an administrative German data set we investigate three different matching procedures based on information two years before birth: (1) exact matching on individual characteristics, (2) propensity score matching and (3) a combined procedure of exact and propensity score matching. Our results yield new insights into the nature of the wage penalty associated with motherhood, since we find first births to reduce women's wages by 16 to 19 percent, regardless of the matching procedure applied. Neglecting the firm identifier and matching across all firms, however, yields a wage cut of 30 percent. Furthermore, we can show that the wage loss increases with the duration of the employment break." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Mütter, Erwerbsunterbrechung, erwerbstätige Frauen, Einkommenseffekte, Lohnhöhe, Erziehungsurlaub, Elternschaft, ökonomische Faktoren, Kinderlosigkeit, Lohnunterschied, IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe

Developing a Clinical Nurse Leader Practice Model: An Interpretive Synthesis

Objective: The Institute of Medicine\u27s Future of Nursing report identifies the Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) as an innovative and necessary new role for meeting higher healthcare quality standards. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing CNL White Paper defines core competencies necessary for practice. The literature documents preliminary evidence of improved outcomes associated with CNL integration into clinical microsystems. However, the CNL role is not yet clearly defined in terms of fundamental activities and responsibilities necessary to produce outcomes. Lack of practice clarity limits the ability to articulate, implement, and measure CNL-specific practice and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to clarify CNL practice components contributing to improved quality care standards. Methods: An interpretive synthesis was conducted to integrate the extant CNL literature into a coherent understanding of CNL practice. A literature search was conducted in CINAHL, Pubmed, Dissertations and Theses, and Google. Results were reviewed and included if they described aspects of CNL practice in action. Thirty implementation reports, eight qualitative/mixed methods studies, three quantitative studies, and 254 conference abstracts were included. Grounded theory methodology was utilized to reanalyze primary CNL evidence and identify domains and components of CNL practice. Results: CNL practice encompasses five domains: Preparation for CNL Practice; the Structure of CNL Practice; the Core Phenomenon of CNL Practice - Continuous Leadership at the Point-of-Practice; Outcomes of CNL Practice; and Acceptance. These domains interact to produce the structure, function, and outcomes of CNL practice. The core phenomenon of CNL practice involves developing relationships across professions to promote and manage information exchange, shared decision-making, and effective care processes. The model highlights the importance of a systematic approach to CNL development and implementation: the extent to which each domain is adequately addressed influences the degree of CNL success. Conclusions: This study advances understanding of the CNL by synthesizing an empirically derived CNL Practice Model that clarifies practice components and differentiates them from existing nursing roles and practices. The model provides a guideline to organizations wanting to implement the CNL. It also provides a basis for future research identifying quantifiable measures of CNL practice and CNL-specific influence on outcomes

The wage effects of entering motherhood : A within-firm matching approach

We analyze the wage effects of employment breaks of women entering motherhood using a novel within-firm matching approach where mothers' wages upon return to the job are compared with those of their female colleagues within the same firm. Using an administrative German data set we investigate three different matching procedures based on information two years before birth: (1) exact matching on individual characteristics, (2) propensity score matching and (3) a combined procedure of exact and propensity score matching. Our results yield new insights into the nature of the wage penalty associated with motherhood, since we find first births to reduce women's wages by 16 to 19 percent, regardless of the matching procedure applied. Neglecting the firm identifier and matching across all firms, however, yields a wage cut of 30 percent. Furthermore, we can show that the wage loss increases with the duration of the employment break

The wage effects of entering motherhood: a within-firm matching approach

"We analyze the wage effects of employment breaks of women entering motherhood using a novel within-firm matching approach where mothers' wages upon return to the job are compared with those of their female colleagues within the same firm. Using an administrative German data set we investigate three different matching procedures based on information two years before birth: (1) exact matching on individual characteristics, (2) propensity score matching and (3) a combined procedure of exact and propensity score matching. Our results yield new insights into the nature of the wage penalty associated with motherhood, since we find first births to reduce women's wages by 16 to 19 percent, regardless of the matching procedure applied. Neglecting the firm identifier and matching across all firms, however, yields a wage cut of 30 percent. Furthermore, we can show that the wage loss increases with the duration of the employment break." (author's abstract)Der Beitrag analysiert die Auswirkungen von Unterbrechungen eines Beschäftigungsverhältnisses von Frauen, die kurz vor der Mutterschaft stehen, auf ihre Entlohnung mit Hilfe eines neuartigen betriebsinternen Matching-Ansatzes, bei dem die Bezüge von Müttern nach ihrer Rückkehr in den Beruf mit denen ihrer weiblichen Kollegen im gleichen Unternehmen verglichen werden. Auf der Basis deutscher Verwaltungsdaten werden drei unterschiedliche Matching-Verfahren, die auf zwei Jahre vor der Geburt liegenden Informationen beruhen, untersucht: ein präzis den individuellen Merkmalen entsprechendes matching, ein auf einer Neigungsmessung beruhendes matching und ein Verfahren, dass das präzise und das neigungsorientierte matching kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse vermitteln neue Einsichten in das Wesen der Einkommensnachteile, die mit der Mutterschaft verbunden sind. Danach haben die ersten Geburten bei Frauen Einkommenseinbußen von 16 bis 19 Prozent zur Folge, unabhängig davon, welches Matching-Verfahren angewendet wird. Ohne Berücksichtigung der Identifizierungsmerkmale einzelner Unternehmen kommt man bei einer Ausweitung des matchings auf alle Unternehmen zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Einkommenseinbußen bei 30 Prozent liegen. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, dass die Einkommenseinbußen höher sind, je länger die Unterbrechung des Beschäftigungsverhältnisses dauert. (IAB

Why climate change adaptation in cities needs customised and flexible climate services

AbstractCities are key players in climate change adaptation and mitigation due to a spatial concentration of assets, people and economic activities. They are thus contributing to and especially vulnerable to climate change. Identifying, planning, implementing and monitoring respective measures in cities is challenging and resource consuming. The paper outlines challenges for adaptation, discusses most common approaches and argues why implementation of theoretical methods has its shortcomings. Based on case studies, an innovative, practice-oriented approach has been tested to develop a climate service prototype product. It provides a general framework that allows a flexible and customised support for cities to adapt to expected impacts of a changing climate

Retrieval of nitric oxide in the mesosphere from SCIAMACHY nominal limb spectra

We present a retrieval algorithm for nitric oxide (NO) number densities from measurements from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY, on Envisat) nominal limb mode (0--91 km). The NO number densities are derived from atmospheric emissions in the gamma bands in the range 230--300 nm, measured by the SCIAMACHY ultra-violet (UV) channel 1. The retrieval is adapted from the mesosphere and lower thermosphere mode (MLT, 50--150 km) NO retrieval (Bender et al., 2013, arXiv:1808.02388), including the same 3-D ray tracing, 2-D retrieval grid, and regularisations with respect to altitude and latitude. Since the nominal mode limb scans extend only to about 91 km, we use NO densities in the lower thermosphere (above 92 km), derived from empirical models, as a priori input. The priors are the Nitric Oxide Empirical Model (NOEM; Marsh et al., 2004) and a regression model derived from the MLT NO data comparison (Bender et al., 2015). Our algorithm yields plausible NO number densities from 60 to 85 km from the SCIAMACHY nominal limb mode scans. Using a priori input substantially reduces the incorrect attribution of NO from the lower thermosphere, where no direct limb measurements are available. The vertical resolution lies between 5 and 10 km in the altitude range 65--80 km. Analysing all SCIAMACHY nominal limb scans provides almost 10 years (from August 2002 to April 2012) of daily NO measurements in this altitude range. This provides a unique data record of NO in the upper atmosphere and is invaluable for constraining NO in the mesosphere, in particular for testing and validating chemistry climate models during this period.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, published 201

Assessing Health Care Interventions via an Interrupted Time Series Model: Study Power and Design Considerations

The delivery and assessment of quality health care is complex with many interacting and interdependent components. In terms of research design and statistical analysis, this complexity and interdependency makes it difficult to assess the true impact of interventions designed to improve patient health care outcomes. Interrupted time series (ITS) is a quasi-experimental design developed for inferring the effectiveness of a health policy intervention while accounting for temporal dependence within a single system or unit. Current standardized ITS methods do not simultaneously analyze data for several units, nor are there methods to test for the existence of a change point and to assess statistical power for study planning purposes in this context. To address this limitation we propose the `Robust Multiple ITS' (R-MITS) model, appropriate for multi-unit ITS data, that allows for inference regarding the estimation of a global change point across units in the presence of a potentially lagged (or anticipatory) treatment effect. Under the R-MITS model, one can formally test for the existence of a change point and estimate the time delay between the formal intervention implementation and the over-all-unit intervention effect. We conducted empirical simulation studies to assess the type one error rate of the testing procedure, power for detecting specified change-point alternatives, and accuracy of the proposed estimating methodology. R-MITS is illustrated by analyzing patient satisfaction data from a hospital that implemented and evaluated a new care delivery model in multiple units.Comment: 41 pages, 6 figures, 5 table