14 research outputs found

    Chapitre 14. Comment la mise Ă  disposition de l’eau peut-elle amĂ©liorer la protection contre le trachome ?

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    L’approvisionnement en eau est un des dĂ©fis majeurs au Sahel. Les enjeux qui y sont liĂ©s sont nombreux. L’eau rythme la vie sociale de la famille ou du village (Alley et al., 2002). En 1980, dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement sans compter la Chine, 3 personnes sur 5 n’avaient pas d’eau (Sem, 2002). Dans ce contexte, l’assemblĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale des Nations Unies a proclamĂ© la pĂ©riode 1981-1990, dĂ©cennie internationale de l’eau potable et de l’assainissement. Les États se sont engagĂ©s Ă  considĂ©rer l’accĂšs..

    Des politiques de nutrition

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    La nutrition est au carrefour d’un certain nombre de disciplines. Elle a aussi plusieurs dimensions qui doivent ĂȘtre prises en compte pour assurer sa contribution effective au dĂ©veloppement national. Chacun de nous ici se sent responsable de renseigner le Politique. Or les politiques de nutrition sont envisagĂ©es Ă  plusieurs niveaux, notamment international, rĂ©gional et national, et ces diffĂ©rents niveaux de formulation et de mise en Ɠuvre de politiques sont interdĂ©pendants. Il me semble donc ..

    Chapitre 18. Comment mobiliser la société, notamment les femmes, dans la lutte contre le trachome ?

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    Introduction Le rĂŽle des femmes en tant qu’épouse, mĂšre, mĂ©nagĂšre et soutien de famille est reconnu dans toutes les sociĂ©tĂ©s. Leur rĂŽle, variable d’une sociĂ©tĂ© Ă  l’autre, en tant qu’animatrices de la communautĂ© et gestionnaires de la famille a fait l’objet de nombreuses Ă©tudes menĂ©es par des spĂ©cialistes des sciences sociales. L’utilisation des rĂ©sultats de ces Ă©tudes par les planificateurs demeure encore rare lors de l’introduction de nouveaux programmes au niveau des communautĂ©s villageoise..

    Alimentation de rue, mutations urbaines et différenciations sociales à Bamako (Mali)

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    In 1995 in Bamako (Mali), a two-stage research project was carried out in order to study street food consumption practices and motivations to eat street foods among individuals from households in three socio-economic levels (rich, intermediary, poor). Almost ail individuals, regardless age and sex, consumed street food on a daily basis. Variety of foods and dishes was greater among individuals from rich households than among those from poor or intermediary ones. Among the poor, purchases were mainly fruits and fried foods. Daily expenditures on street foods per individual were respectively twice and three times greater in intermediary and rich households than in poor ones: 36.5 FCFA, 65.7, 92.9 FCFA. Many motivations are expressed to explain the street food purchases: constraints linked to job activity, gustative satisfaction, individual food supplementation linked to home food insufficiency in a context of economic crisis.RĂ©sumĂ©. Une recherche comportant une enquĂȘte en deux temps, rĂ©alisĂ©e en 1995 Ă  Bamako, a permis d'Ă©tudier les pratiques et les raisons exprimĂ©es de recours Ă  l'alimentation de rue chez des sujets appartenant Ă  trois catĂ©gories de familles socio-Ă©conomiquement diffĂ©rentes (riches, intermĂ©diaires et pauvres). Hormis les adultes riches, pratiquement tous les individus, quels que soient leur sexe et leur Ăąge, consomment quotidiennement des aliments de rue. La diversitĂ© des plats et aliments consommĂ©s est plus grande chez les sujets des familles riches que chez ceux des familles intermĂ©diaires et pauvres. Chez les pauvres, les achats sont concentrĂ©s sur un fruit ou une friture. Les dĂ©penses en aliments de rue par personne et par jour sont, par rapport aux familles pauvres, deux fois plus Ă©levĂ©es dans les familles intermĂ©diaires et trois fois plus dans les familles aisĂ©es : 36,5 FCFA contre 65,7 et 92,9 FCFA. De multiples motivations sont exprimĂ©es pour expliquer le recours Ă  l'alimentation de rue : contraintes liĂ©es Ă  l'activitĂ© professionnelle, plaisir gustatif, complĂ©ment alimentaire individualisĂ©, liĂ© Ă  l'insuffisance de l'alimentation Ă  domicile dans le contexte de crise Ă©conomique.Un estudio con dos visitas se llevo a cabo en 1995 en Bamako (Mali) para investigar las prĂĄcticas y motivaciones para corner alimentos de la calle en individuos perteneciendo a hogares de trĂšs diferentes tipos socioeconĂĄmicos (ricos, intermediarios, pobres). Excepto los adultos ricos, casi todos los individuos consumen comida callejera a diario, cualquer sea su edad y sexo (mayor de 2 años). La diversidad de platos y alimentos consumidos por individuos de hogares ricos es mayor que por los de hogares intermediarios y pobres. Las compras de los pobres estan principalmente dedicadas a frutas y fritadas. El gasto en alimentos de la calle por dĂ­a y persona es, comparado cĂłn hogares pobres, 2 veces mayor en hogares intermediarios y 3 veces mayor en hgogares acomodados : 36,5 FCFA trente a 65,7 y 92,9 FCFA. Una diversidad de motivaciones se expresan, para explicar porque se recurre a la alimentaciĂłn de la calle : dificultades prĂĄcticas ligadas a la actividad laboral, placer gustativo, aporte adicional individualizado en relaciĂłn de la calle : dificultades prĂĄcticas ligadas a la actividad laboral, placer gustativo, aporte adicional individualizado en ralaciĂłn cĂłn la insuficiencia de la comida familiar en contexto de crisis econĂłmica.Ag Bendech Mohamed, Chauliac Michel, Malvy Denis. Alimentation de rue, mutations urbaines et diffĂ©renciations sociales Ă  Bamako (Mali). In: Sciences sociales et santĂ©. Volume 16, n°2, 1998. pp. 33-59

    Lutte contre le trachome en Afrique subsaharienne

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    Le trachome, la maladie des « cils qui poussent Ă  l’intĂ©rieur », est la deuxiĂšme cause de cĂ©citĂ© dans le monde. Bien qu’elle soit susceptible d’ĂȘtre prĂ©venue et traitĂ©e, elle frappe encore prĂšs de 80 millions de personnes, en particulier dans le sud du Sahara. Quelles sont les causes de cette maladie ? Comment y faire face ? Comment Ă©valuer le succĂšs des actions prĂ©ventives ou curatives dĂ©jĂ  entreprises ? OĂč en est la lutte contre cette infection et quelles sont les recommandations nĂ©cessaires Ă  son Ă©radication ? Cette expertise collĂ©giale menĂ©e par l’IRD, rĂ©alisĂ©e par une quinzaine de chercheurs Ă  la demande du ministĂšre de la SantĂ© du Mali et de l’Institut d’ophtalmologie tropicale d’Afrique (Mali), s’attache Ă  dĂ©crire l’état actuel de la lutte contre cette conjonctivite cĂ©citante d’origine infectieuse. En dressant le bilan des stratĂ©gies dĂ©jĂ  Ă  l’Ɠuvre, notamment celle du programme CHANCE de l’OMS, cette expertise cherche Ă  dĂ©finir les conditions et les perspectives de cette maladie.Trachoma, the disease of the “eyelashes which turn inward”, is the second cause of blindness in the world. Although it can be predicted and treated, it still affects nearly 80 million people, particularly in the South Sahara. What are the causes of this disease? How can it be combated? How can the success of preventative and curative actions already undertaken be evaluated? What is the current situation in the fight against this infection and what lessons can be drawn? This IRD Expert Group Review, conducted by more than a dozen researchers at the request of the Malian Health Ministry and the Institut d’ophtalmologie tropicale de l’Afrique in Bamako, describes the current situation in the fight against this blinding conjunctivitis of infectious origin. By evaluating the strategies already deployed – particularly the WHO SAFE strategy – it seeks to define the conditions and prospects for its eradication

    Integration of Nutrition into the Training Curricula of the Matourkou Agricultural Centre in Burkina Faso

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    Background: There is heightened interest in strengthening the linkages between agriculture and nutrition so that agriculture education systems become more nutrition-sensitive. This study was conducted to document the process of integrating nutrition into the training curricula of the Matourkou Agriculture Training Centre (CAP/Matourkou) in Burkina Faso. It also aimed to identify the challenges as well as the opportunities related to this mainstreaming process. Methods: Data were collected between August and October 2015. The nutrition content of the curricula was evaluated against the following criteria: i) Scope of the nutrition topics covered; ii) Method of integration of nutrition in the revised curricula; and iii) Method of delivery of nutrition instruction. A written test was conducted to assess the extent to which the process had contributed to improving students’ knowledge in nutrition. Only students in the agricultural engineering program took the test. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were also conducted to evaluate the perceptions of key stakeholders about the process. The discussions were guided by the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analytical framework. Results: An iterative and multi-stakeholder process was used by CAP/Matourkou to integrate nutrition into its existing curricula. Nutrition mainstreaming occurred at two levels: i) Vertical integration through which stand-alone nutrition courses were added to the curriculum for agricultural engineers, higher level technicians and agricultural agents; and ii) Longitudinal integration where nutrition was embedded into relevant agriculture-specific subjects (13 subjects in the curriculum for agricultural engineers, 3 for higher level technicians, and 2 for agricultural agents). This resulted in a short-term improvement in students’ knowledge in nutrition. Students who received nutrition instruction under the revised curricula scored significantly higher than those that did not (mean score: 53.2±10.0 vs. 45.7±10.8, P<0.01). However, the vast majority of them (77.1%) scored around the average or below (<60%) for the test, indicating the need for increased training and exposure to nutrition. The most frequently reported strengths were the use of a structured approach and ownership of the process by CAP/ Matourkou. Lack of internal communication about the process, insufficient training of faculty members in nutrition, and lack of nutrition courses emphasizing practical skills emerged as the major weaknesses. Conclusions: Our data indicate that nutrition was effectively mainstreamed into the training curricula of CAP/Matourkou in Burkina Faso. However, efforts should be made to expand students’ knowledge in nutrition. It is important to expose them to nutrition courses that emphasize practical skills. Opportunities should also be created for faculty members to upgrade their capacity to teach nutrition-sensitive courses. Key technical partners, such as UNICEF, FAO and other international organizations, should continue to provide a multi-level support to the process. This will ensure the sustainability of the approach and make the training programs offered by CAP/Matourkou more nutrition-sensitive
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