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The Global Nutrition Report 2014: Actions and Accountability to Accelerate the Worldâs Progress on Nutrition
In 2013, the Nutrition for Growth Summit called for a Global Nutrition Report (GNR) to strengthen accountability in nutrition so that progress in reducing malnutrition could be accelerated. This article summarizes the results of the ïŹrst GNR. By focusing on undernutrition and overweight, the GNR puts malnutrition in a new light. Nearly every country in the world is affected by malnutrition, and multiple malnutrition burdens are the âânew normal.ââ Unfortunately, the world is off track to meet the 2025 World Health Assembly (WHA) targets for nutrition. Many countries are, however, making good progress on WHA indicators, providing inspiration and guidance for others. Beyond the WHA goals, nutrition needs to be more strongly represented in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) framework. At present, it is only explicitly mentioned in 1 of 169 SDG targets despite the many contributions improved nutritional status will make to their attainment. To achieve improvements in nutrition status, it is vital to scale up nutrition programs. We identify bottlenecks in the scale-up of nutrition-speciïŹc and nutrition-sensitive approaches and highlight actions to accelerate coverage and reach. Holding stakeholders to account for delivery on nutrition actions requires a well-functioning accountability infrastructure, which is lacking in nutrition. New accountability mechanisms need piloting and evaluation, ïŹnancial resource ïŹows to nutrition need to be made explicit, nutrition spending targets should be established, and some key data gaps need to be ïŹlled. For example, many UN member states cannot report on their WHA progress and those that can often rely on data >5 y old. The world can accelerate malnutrition reduction substantially, but this will require stronger accountability mechanisms to hold all stakeholders to account. J Nutr doi: 10.3945/jn.114.206078
Chapitre 14. Comment la mise Ă disposition de lâeau peut-elle amĂ©liorer la protection contre le trachome ?
Lâapprovisionnement en eau est un des dĂ©fis majeurs au Sahel. Les enjeux qui y sont liĂ©s sont nombreux. Lâeau rythme la vie sociale de la famille ou du village (Alley et al., 2002). En 1980, dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement sans compter la Chine, 3 personnes sur 5 nâavaient pas dâeau (Sem, 2002). Dans ce contexte, lâassemblĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale des Nations Unies a proclamĂ© la pĂ©riode 1981-1990, dĂ©cennie internationale de lâeau potable et de lâassainissement. Les Ătats se sont engagĂ©s Ă considĂ©rer lâaccĂšs..
Des politiques de nutrition
La nutrition est au carrefour dâun certain nombre de disciplines. Elle a aussi plusieurs dimensions qui doivent ĂȘtre prises en compte pour assurer sa contribution effective au dĂ©veloppement national. Chacun de nous ici se sent responsable de renseigner le Politique. Or les politiques de nutrition sont envisagĂ©es Ă plusieurs niveaux, notamment international, rĂ©gional et national, et ces diffĂ©rents niveaux de formulation et de mise en Ćuvre de politiques sont interdĂ©pendants. Il me semble donc ..
Chapitre 18. Comment mobiliser la société, notamment les femmes, dans la lutte contre le trachome ?
Introduction Le rĂŽle des femmes en tant quâĂ©pouse, mĂšre, mĂ©nagĂšre et soutien de famille est reconnu dans toutes les sociĂ©tĂ©s. Leur rĂŽle, variable dâune sociĂ©tĂ© Ă lâautre, en tant quâanimatrices de la communautĂ© et gestionnaires de la famille a fait lâobjet de nombreuses Ă©tudes menĂ©es par des spĂ©cialistes des sciences sociales. Lâutilisation des rĂ©sultats de ces Ă©tudes par les planificateurs demeure encore rare lors de lâintroduction de nouveaux programmes au niveau des communautĂ©s villageoise..
Alimentation de rue, mutations urbaines et différenciations sociales à Bamako (Mali)
In 1995 in Bamako (Mali), a two-stage research project was carried out in order to study street food consumption practices and motivations to eat street foods among individuals from households in three socio-economic levels (rich, intermediary, poor). Almost ail individuals, regardless age and sex, consumed street food on a daily basis. Variety of foods and dishes was greater among individuals from rich households than among those from poor or intermediary ones. Among the poor, purchases were mainly fruits and fried foods. Daily expenditures on street foods per individual were respectively twice and three times greater in intermediary and rich households than in poor ones: 36.5 FCFA, 65.7, 92.9 FCFA. Many motivations are expressed to explain the street food purchases: constraints linked to job activity, gustative satisfaction, individual food supplementation linked to home food insufficiency in a context of economic crisis.RĂ©sumĂ©. Une recherche comportant une enquĂȘte en deux temps, rĂ©alisĂ©e en 1995 Ă Bamako, a permis d'Ă©tudier les pratiques et les raisons exprimĂ©es de recours Ă l'alimentation de rue chez des sujets appartenant Ă trois catĂ©gories de familles socio-Ă©conomiquement diffĂ©rentes (riches, intermĂ©diaires et pauvres). Hormis les adultes riches, pratiquement tous les individus, quels que soient leur sexe et leur Ăąge, consomment quotidiennement des aliments de rue. La diversitĂ© des plats et aliments consommĂ©s est plus grande chez les sujets des familles riches que chez ceux des familles intermĂ©diaires et pauvres. Chez les pauvres, les achats sont concentrĂ©s sur un fruit ou une friture. Les dĂ©penses en aliments de rue par personne et par jour sont, par rapport aux familles pauvres, deux fois plus Ă©levĂ©es dans les familles intermĂ©diaires et trois fois plus dans les familles aisĂ©es : 36,5 FCFA contre 65,7 et 92,9 FCFA. De multiples motivations sont exprimĂ©es pour expliquer le recours Ă l'alimentation de rue : contraintes liĂ©es Ă l'activitĂ© professionnelle, plaisir gustatif, complĂ©ment alimentaire individualisĂ©, liĂ© Ă l'insuffisance de l'alimentation Ă domicile dans le contexte de crise Ă©conomique.Un estudio con dos visitas se llevo a cabo en 1995 en Bamako (Mali) para investigar las prĂĄcticas y motivaciones para corner alimentos de la calle en individuos perteneciendo a hogares de trĂšs diferentes tipos socioeconĂĄmicos (ricos, intermediarios, pobres). Excepto los adultos ricos, casi todos los individuos consumen comida callejera a diario, cualquer sea su edad y sexo (mayor de 2 años). La diversidad de platos y alimentos consumidos por individuos de hogares ricos es mayor que por los de hogares intermediarios y pobres. Las compras de los pobres estan principalmente dedicadas a frutas y fritadas. El gasto en alimentos de la calle por dĂa y persona es, comparado cĂłn hogares pobres, 2 veces mayor en hogares intermediarios y 3 veces mayor en hgogares acomodados : 36,5 FCFA trente a 65,7 y 92,9 FCFA. Una diversidad de motivaciones se expresan, para explicar porque se recurre a la alimentaciĂłn de la calle : dificultades prĂĄcticas ligadas a la actividad laboral, placer gustativo, aporte adicional individualizado en relaciĂłn de la calle : dificultades prĂĄcticas ligadas a la actividad laboral, placer gustativo, aporte adicional individualizado en ralaciĂłn cĂłn la insuficiencia de la comida familiar en contexto de crisis econĂłmica.Ag Bendech Mohamed, Chauliac Michel, Malvy Denis. Alimentation de rue, mutations urbaines et diffĂ©renciations sociales Ă Bamako (Mali). In: Sciences sociales et santĂ©. Volume 16, n°2, 1998. pp. 33-59
Lutte contre le trachome en Afrique subsaharienne
Le trachome, la maladie des « cils qui poussent Ă lâintĂ©rieur », est la deuxiĂšme cause de cĂ©citĂ© dans le monde. Bien quâelle soit susceptible dâĂȘtre prĂ©venue et traitĂ©e, elle frappe encore prĂšs de 80 millions de personnes, en particulier dans le sud du Sahara. Quelles sont les causes de cette maladie ? Comment y faire face ? Comment Ă©valuer le succĂšs des actions prĂ©ventives ou curatives dĂ©jĂ entreprises ? OĂč en est la lutte contre cette infection et quelles sont les recommandations nĂ©cessaires Ă son Ă©radication ? Cette expertise collĂ©giale menĂ©e par lâIRD, rĂ©alisĂ©e par une quinzaine de chercheurs Ă la demande du ministĂšre de la SantĂ© du Mali et de lâInstitut dâophtalmologie tropicale dâAfrique (Mali), sâattache Ă dĂ©crire lâĂ©tat actuel de la lutte contre cette conjonctivite cĂ©citante dâorigine infectieuse. En dressant le bilan des stratĂ©gies dĂ©jĂ Ă lâĆuvre, notamment celle du programme CHANCE de lâOMS, cette expertise cherche Ă dĂ©finir les conditions et les perspectives de cette maladie.Trachoma, the disease of the âeyelashes which turn inwardâ, is the second cause of blindness in the world. Although it can be predicted and treated, it still affects nearly 80 million people, particularly in the South Sahara. What are the causes of this disease? How can it be combated? How can the success of preventative and curative actions already undertaken be evaluated? What is the current situation in the fight against this infection and what lessons can be drawn? This IRD Expert Group Review, conducted by more than a dozen researchers at the request of the Malian Health Ministry and the Institut dâophtalmologie tropicale de lâAfrique in Bamako, describes the current situation in the fight against this blinding conjunctivitis of infectious origin. By evaluating the strategies already deployed â particularly the WHO SAFE strategy â it seeks to define the conditions and prospects for its eradication
Integration of Nutrition into the Training Curricula of the Matourkou Agricultural Centre in Burkina Faso
Background: There is heightened interest in strengthening the linkages between agriculture and nutrition so that agriculture education systems become more nutrition-sensitive. This study was conducted to document the process of integrating nutrition into the training curricula of the Matourkou Agriculture Training Centre (CAP/Matourkou) in Burkina Faso. It also aimed to identify the challenges as well as the opportunities related to this mainstreaming process. Methods: Data were collected between August and October 2015. The nutrition content of the curricula was evaluated against the following criteria: i) Scope of the nutrition topics covered; ii) Method of integration of nutrition in the revised curricula; and iii) Method of delivery of nutrition instruction. A written test was conducted to assess the extent to which the process had contributed to improving studentsâ knowledge in nutrition. Only students in the agricultural engineering program took the test. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were also conducted to evaluate the perceptions of key stakeholders about the process. The discussions were guided by the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analytical framework. Results: An iterative and multi-stakeholder process was used by CAP/Matourkou to integrate nutrition into its existing curricula. Nutrition mainstreaming occurred at two levels: i) Vertical integration through which stand-alone nutrition courses were added to the curriculum for agricultural engineers, higher level technicians and agricultural agents; and ii) Longitudinal integration where nutrition was embedded into relevant agriculture-specific subjects (13 subjects in the curriculum for agricultural engineers, 3 for higher level technicians, and 2 for agricultural agents). This resulted in a short-term improvement in studentsâ knowledge in nutrition. Students who received nutrition instruction under the revised curricula scored significantly higher than those that did not (mean score: 53.2±10.0 vs. 45.7±10.8, P<0.01). However, the vast majority of them (77.1%) scored around the average or below (<60%) for the test, indicating the need for increased training and exposure to nutrition. The most frequently reported strengths were the use of a structured approach and ownership of the process by CAP/ Matourkou. Lack of internal communication about the process, insufficient training of faculty members in nutrition, and lack of nutrition courses emphasizing practical skills emerged as the major weaknesses. Conclusions: Our data indicate that nutrition was effectively mainstreamed into the training curricula of CAP/Matourkou in Burkina Faso. However, efforts should be made to expand studentsâ knowledge in nutrition. It is important to expose them to nutrition courses that emphasize practical skills. Opportunities should also be created for faculty members to upgrade their capacity to teach nutrition-sensitive courses. Key technical partners, such as UNICEF, FAO and other international organizations, should continue to provide a multi-level support to the process. This will ensure the sustainability of the approach and make the training programs offered by CAP/Matourkou more nutrition-sensitive