Malayan Filariasis Studies in Kendari Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia : III Surveillance of Mansonia Mosquitoes with Reference to Seasonal and Ecological Aspect of Ma. Uniformis and Ma. Indiana

Studi nyamuk penular filariasis malayi pada empat desa endemis (Wawolemo. Pondidaha. Lalohao dan Teteona) di Kabupaten Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara, telah dilakukan dari bulan November 1980 sampai Oktober 1982. Nyamuk penular Brugia malayi di alam selain Anopheles barbirostris dan An. Nigerrimus adalah Mansonia uniformis, Ma. Indiana dan Ma. bonneae/dives. Ma. uniformis dan Ma. Indiana merupakan jenis yang terbanyak ditemukan di antara 5 jenis nyamuk Mansonia spp. Tidak ditemui perbedaan yang ber­makna untuk kepadatan kedua jenis nyamuk ini di antara empat desa yang diteliti. Daur gonotrofik Ma. uniformis dan Ma. Indiana di laboratorium masing-masing berkisar antara 80-98 jam dan 81-92 jam. Puncak kepadatan waktu menggigit orang dari kedua jenis nyamuk ini adalah antara jam 19.00 -22.00. Kedua jenis nyamuk ini lebih cenderung bersifat zoofilik. Kepadatan bulanan Ma. uniformis dan Ma. Indiana tidak mempunyai keeratan hubungan yang positif dengan curah hujan, dengan puncak kepadatan antara bulan Agustus dan Oktober. Nisbah nya­muk parous untuk kedua jenis nyamuk ini relatif rendah dan tidak mempunyai keeratan hubungan de­ngan kepadatannya dan juga dengan curah hujan. Nisbah infeksi alamiah dari Brugia sp. pada Ma. Indiana (0,6%) lebih tinggi dari Ma. uniformis (0,4%). Indeks infeksi buatan rata-rata 1,88 pada Ma. uniformis dan 0,55 pada Ma. Indiana. Uji kerentanan DDT terhadap Ma. uniformis dan Ma. Indiana memperlihatkan kedua jenis nyamuk ini rentan terhadap DDT

Malayan Filariasis Studies in Kendari Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia II: Surveillance of Mosquitoes with Reference to Two Anopheles Vector Species

Studi nyamuk penular filariasis malayi pada empat desa endemis filariasis (Wawolemo, Pondi-daha, Lalohao dan Teteona) di Kabupaten Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara, telah dilakukan dari bulan November 1980 sampai Oktober 1982. Nyamuk penular Brugia malayi di alam adalah Anopheles barbirostris dan An. Nigerrimus sebagai penular yang potensial, serta tiga jenis dari marga Mansonia. Kepadatan bulanan An. barbirostris dan An. Nigerrimus mempunyai keeratan hubungan yang positif dengan curah hujan, dengan puncak kepadatan pada bulan Juni. Nisbah nyamuk parous untuk kedua jenis nyamuk ini relatif rendah dan tidak mempunyai keeratan hubungan positif dengan kepadatannya. Kepadatan jentik dari kedua jenis nyamuk ini juga relatif rendah. Daur gonotrofik An. barbirostris di laboratorium berkisar antara 65 sampai 87 jam. An. barbirostris lebih cenderung antropofilik dari An. Nigerrimus. Puncak kepadatan waktu menggigit orang dari An. barbirostris dimulai menjelang tengah malam hingga menjelang pagi hari, sedangkan An. Nigerrimus aktif menggigit orang antara jam 19.00 sampai 22.00. Nisbah infeksi alamiah dari larva Brugia pada An. barbirostris lebih tinggi daripada An. Nigerrimus. Indeks infeksi buatan rata-rata 0,22 pada An. barbirostris dan 0,83 pada An. Nigerrimus. Uji kerentanan DDT terhadap An. barbirostris memperlihatkan bahwa nyamuk ini rentan terhadap DDT

Continental-scale bias-corrected climate and hydrological projections for Australia

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has developed a national hydrological projections (NHP) service for Australia. The NHP aimed to provide nationally consistent hydrological projections across jurisdictional boundaries to support planning of water-dependent industries. NHP is complementary to those previously produced by federal and state governments, universities, and other organisations for limited geographical domains. The projections comprise an ensemble of application-ready bias-corrected climate model data, derived hydrological projections at daily temporal and 0.05° × 0.05° spatial resolution for the period 1960–2099, and two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5). The spatial resolution of the projections matches that of gridded historical reference data used to perform the bias correction and the Bureau of Meteorology's operational gridded hydrological model. Three bias correction techniques were applied to four CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs), and one method was applied to a regional climate model (RCM) forced by the same four GCMs, resulting in a 16-member ensemble of bias-corrected GCM data for each emission scenario. The bias correction was applied to fields of precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, downwelling shortwave radiation, and surface winds. These variables are required inputs to the Bureau of Meteorology's landscape water balance hydrological model (AWRA-L), which was forced using the bias-corrected GCM and RCM data to produce a 16-member ensemble of hydrological output. The hydrological output variables include root zone soil moisture (moisture in the top 1 m soil layer), potential evapotranspiration, and runoff. Here we present an overview of the production of the hydrological projections, including GCM selection, bias correction methods and their evaluation, technical aspects of their implementation, and examples of analysis performed to construct the NHP service. The data are publicly available on the National Computing Infrastructure (https://doi.org/10.25914/6130680dc5a51, Bureau of Meteorology, 2021), and a user interface is accessible at https://awo.bom.gov.au/products/projection/ (last access: 24 November 2023).</p

Epithelial-immune cell interplay in primary Sjogren syndrome salivary gland pathogenesis

In primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS), the function of the salivary glands is often considerably reduced. Multiple innate immune pathways are likely dysregulated in the salivary gland epithelium in pSS, including the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway, the inflammasome and interferon signalling. The ductal cells of the salivary gland in pSS are characteristically surrounded by a CD4(+) T cell-rich and B cell-rich infiltrate, implying a degree of communication between epithelial cells and immune cells. B cell infiltrates within the ducts can initiate the development of lymphoepithelial lesions, including basal ductal cell hyperplasia. Vice versa, the epithelium provides chronic activation signals to the glandular B cell fraction. This continuous stimulation might ultimately drive the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This Review discusses changes in the cells of the salivary gland epithelium in pSS (including acinar, ductal and progenitor cells), and the proposed interplay of these cells with environmental stimuli and the immune system. Current therapeutic options are insufficient to address both lymphocytic infiltration and salivary gland dysfunction. Successful rescue of salivary gland function in pSS will probably demand a multimodal therapeutic approach and an appreciation of the complicity of the salivary gland epithelium in the development of pSS. Salivary gland dysfunction is an important characteristic of primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS). In this Review, the authors discuss various epithelial abnormalities in pSS and the mechanisms by which epithelial cell-immune cell interactions contribute to disease development and progression

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MALAYAN FILARIASIS STUDIES IN KENDARI REGENCY, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, INDONESIA II: Surveillance of mosquitoes with reference to two Anopheles vector species

Studi nyamuk penular filariasis malayi pada empat desa endemis filariasis (Wawolemo, Pondi-daha, Lalohao dan Teteona) di Kabupaten Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara, telah dilakukan dari bulan November 1980 sampai Oktober 1982. Nyamuk penular Brugia malayi di alam adalah Anopheles barbirostris dan An. nigerrimus sebagai penular yang potensial, serta tiga jenis dari marga Mansonia. Kepadatan bulanan An. barbirostris dan An. nigerrimus mempunyai keeratan hubungan yang positif dengan curah hujan, dengan puncak kepadatan pada bulan Juni. Nisbah nyamuk parous untuk kedua jenis nyamuk ini relatif rendah dan tidak mempunyai keeratan hubungan positif dengan kepadatannya. Kepadatan jentik dari kedua jenis nyamuk ini juga relatif rendah. Daur gonotrofik An. barbirostris di laboratorium berkisar antara 65 sampai 87 jam. An. barbirostris lebih cenderung antropofilik dari An. nigerrimus. Puncak kepadatan waktu menggigit orang dari An. barbirostris dimulai menjelang tengah malam hingga menjelang pagi hari, sedangkan An. nigerrimus aktif menggigit orang antara jam 19.00 sampai 22.00. Nisbah infeksi alamiah dari larva Brugia pada An. barbirostris lebih tinggi daripada An. nigerrimus. Indeks infeksi buatan rata-rata 0,22 pada An. barbirostris dan 0,83 pada An. nigerrimus. Uji kerentanan DDT terhadap An. barbirostris memperlihatkan bahwa nyamuk ini rentan terhadap DDT

Large-scale, high-resolution agricultural systems modeling using a hybrid approach combining grid computing and parallel processing

The solution of complex global challenges in the land system, such as food and energy security, requires information on the management of agricultural systems at a high spatial and temporal resolution over continental or global extents. However, computing capacity remains a barrier to large-scale, high-resolution agricultural modeling. To model wheat production, soil carbon, and nitrogen dynamics in Australia's cropping regions at a high resolution, we developed a hybrid computing approach combining parallel processing and grid computing. The hybrid approach distributes tasks across a heterogeneous grid computing pool and fully utilizes all the resources of computers within the pool. We simulated 325 management scenarios (nitrogen application rates and stubble management) at a daily time step over 122 years, for 12,707 climate-soil zones using the Windows-based Agricultural Production Systems SIMulator (APSIM). These simulations would have taken over 30 years on a single computer. Our hybrid high performance computing (HPC) approach completed the modeling within 10.5 days-a speed-up of over 1000 times-with most jobs finishing within the first few days. The approach utilizes existing idle organization-wide computing resources and eliminates the need to translate Windows-based models to other operating systems for implementation on computing clusters. There are however, numerous computing challenges that need to be addressed for the effective use of these techniques and there remain several potential areas for further performance improvement. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in making high-resolution modeling of agricultural systems possible over continental and global scales. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd