Which linguistic resources for the teaching / learning of French as a foreign language?

This study is truly intended to be a contribution inscribed in a scrupulously didactic context, hence the idea of teaching – learning French as a foreign language in an Algerian context. Our attention is mainly vocalized on the attitude of the learner and his previous achievements in terms of FLE in the secondary cycle. However, it is therefore appropriate to specify from any language task, i.e. the written expression considered as the outcome of any learning from a didactic point of view, the exploitation of its achievements according to a theme whose concept of instruction is already present in all the linguistic-didactic elements supposed to allow him to reorganize his thought and give him the very meaning of a methodology as a common thread from which he can easily take action, this will doubly reflect his ability to acquisition and understanding of the linguistic concept initially implemented from the textual approach. In this sense, we question the fact of believing that the appropriation of such a linguistic notion can no longer be confined to its classic formulation: linguistics and didactics of languages, in particular FLE in an Algerian context. Questioning the different parameters likely to make access to knowledge in French as a foreign language a plausible case, this amounts to asking ourselves about the basic knowledge of the learner and the methods that will allow him to carry out a task; either a language production for which it is advisable to define the strategy engaged and the linguistic resources acquired as the main lever of a mediation, hence the idea of the contribution of linguistics to the teaching of French as a foreign language and the methodological orientations which under -tend the comprehension of the relational lexicon as proof of a use that one can judge satisfactory of the entity FLE in the school circles

Modulation of the Sodium/Potassium ATPase Function and Expression by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Right Sensorimotor Cortex in Mice

Direct current stimulation is used as a noninvasive therapeutic technique to enhance motor recovery following stroke, and to improve cognitive functions. This technique also showed promising results in the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis. Transcranial direct current stimulation has been proven to cause a polarization (depolarization or hyperpolarization) of the target tissues depending on the polarity of the current and cell orientation. Because of the induced polarization, the spontaneous activity of the neurons is further affected. With exception to this electrophysiological effect, the overall biological mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation on the underlying tissues remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to reveal the effects of this technique on molecular targets that play a role in the generation and maintenance of cells’ membrane potentials. More specifically, this study focused on the sodium/potassium ATPase whose role in the generation of the membrane potential is essential. It also focused on other molecules that control the activity of the pump. Findings of this study revealed that cathode transcranial direct current stimulation increases the expression of alpha1 sodium/potassium ATPase protein and gene. The expression of beta 2 sodium/potassium ATPase was also increased following anode direct current stimulation. Similarly, the expression of alpha 1 sodium/potassium ATPase phospho-serine 943 and alpha 1 sodium/potassium ATPase phospho-serine 23 increased after anode transcranial direct stimulation. Taken together, these results showed that transcranial direct current stimulation influences the expression and regulation of the sodium/potassium ATPase

Le contrôle au sein de l’Université Marocaine : l’apport du Contrôle de Gestion

Face aux mutations profondes de l’environnement et de la société où elle évolue, l’université publique marocaine se trouve, plus que jamais, à la croisée des chemins dictant diverses impératives d’adaptation continuelle. C’est dans ce contexte que l’université marocaine a fait l’objet, depuis la fin du siècle dernier,  de plusieurs réformes qui ont porté, entre autres, sur l’amélioration de la gestion globale de celle-ci, et ce à travers l’introduction dans son mode de fonctionnement, certains concepts de gestion ayant fait leur preuve dans le secteur privé à l’instar de la bonne gouvernance ainsi que le contrôle de gestion qui commence dont l’appropriation par les établissements publics, en l’occurrence, commence à gagner de plus en plus de terrain.  De ce fait, les recherches se sont multipliées pour donner les déterminants d’un système de contrôle de gestion et les composantes clés qui impactent le comportement managérial des universités. Dans cette perspective, plusieurs défis d’adaptation viennent se coller à la gestion de l’université dans le but d’atteindre l’efficacité, l’efficience escomptée ainsi de la rendre plus économe que de par son passé. Ainsi, cet article se fixe, comme objectif majeur, de découvrir les différents types de contrôle exercés au sein des universités publiques marocaines et l’apport de l’appropriation du contrôle de gestion ainsi que les obstacles susceptibles d’entraver son appropriation par les universités

Hi\'{e}rarchisation des r\`{e}gles d'association en fouille de textes

Extraction of association rules is widely used as a data mining method. However, one of the limit of this approach comes from the large number of extracted rules and the difficulty for a human expert to deal with the totality of these rules. We propose to solve this problem by structuring the set of rules into hierarchy. The expert can then therefore explore the rules, access from one rule to another one more general when we raise up in the hierarchy, and in other hand, or a more specific rules. Rules are structured at two levels. The global level aims at building a hierarchy from the set of rules extracted. Thus we define a first type of rule-subsomption relying on Galois lattices. The second level consists in a local and more detailed analysis of each rule. It generate for a given rule a set of generalization rules structured into a local hierarchy. This leads to the definition of a second type of subsomption. This subsomption comes from inductive logic programming and integrates a terminological model

Locally spectrally bounded linear maps

summary:Let ${\mathcal L}({\mathcal H})$ be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on a complex Hilbert space ${\mathcal H}$. We characterize locally spectrally bounded linear maps from ${\mathcal L}({\mathcal H})$ onto itself. As a consequence, we describe linear maps from ${\mathcal L}({\mathcal H})$ onto itself that compress the local spectrum