Bilan des connaissances, inventaires 2016 et cartographie de cinq coléoptères saproxyliques d’intérêt communautaire dans les sites Natura 2000 de la région PACA : Stephanopachys linearis, Stephanopachys substriatus, Limoniscus violaceus, Osmoderma eremita et Rosalia alpina

Sept espèces de coléoptères saproxylophages inscrites à l'annexe 2 de la directive Habitats (DH2) sont connues avec certitude en région PACA. Une huitième a été signalée : Cucujus cinnaberinus (Cucujidae), dont une ancienne mention dans le secteur de Saint-Martin-Vésubie semble plausible (Brustel & Gouix, 2012

Towards counter-rotating open rotor noise reduction via radiation efficiency considerations

This study approaches the question of counter-rotating open rotor engine noise levels from a yet unexplored perspective, examining the radiation efficiency properties of unducted turbomachinery acoustic modes in order to provide design guidelines that mitigate the radiation of sound without the need for shielding. Two design guidelines, based purely on the radiation efficiency properties, can be defined for the reduction of blade passing frequency and interaction tone noise levels of counter-rotating open rotors operating under low speed design conditions typical of take-off and approach. The two proposed design guidelines state that a large and equal number of blades should be used on the forward and aft rotors. The first design guideline adheres well with the current practice of using a large number of blades, supporting the current design practice from a new perspective. The second design guideline, on the other hand, might at first glance seem counterintuitive with regard to current design trends and guidelines. An investigation of two 12/10 and 12/12 blade number configurations is presented herein, the results of which support the theory, with reductions of up to 10dB in OASPL for the 12/12 configuration for certain viewing angles, with the 12/12 configuration being quieter than the 12/10 configuration in almost all examined directions. The paper provides a description of the theory behind the design guidelines, supporting the findings with simulation data and independently attained experimental measurement dat

Partitioning of Mg, Sr, Ba and U into a subaqueous speleothem.

International audienceThe trace-element geochemistry of speleothems is becoming increasingly used for reconstructing palaeoclimate, with a particularemphasis on elements whose concentrations vary according to hydrological conditions at the cave site (e.g. Mg, Sr, Baand U). An important step in interpreting trace-element abundances is understanding the underlying processes of their incorporation.This includes quantifying the fractionation between the solution and speleothem carbonate via partition coefficients(where the partitioning (D) of element X (DX) is the molar ratio [X/Ca] in the calcite divided by the molar ratio [X/Ca] in theparent water) and evaluating the degree of spatial variability across time-constant speleothem layers. Previous studies of howthese elements are incorporated into speleothems have focused primarily on stalagmites and their source waters in naturalcave settings, or have used synthetic solutions under cave-analogue laboratory conditions to produce similar dripstones. However,dripstones are not the only speleothem types capable of yielding useful palaeoclimate information. In this study, weinvestigate the incorporation of Mg, Sr, Ba and U into a subaqueous calcite speleothem (CD3) growing in a natural cave poolin Italy. Pool-water measurements extending back 15 years reveal a remarkably stable geochemical environment owing to thedeep cave setting, enabling the calculation of precise solution [X/Ca]. We determine the trace element variability of ‘modern’subaqueous calcite from a drill core taken through CD3 to derive DMg, DSr, DBa and DU then compare these with publishedcave, cave-analogue and seawater-analogue studies. The DMg for CD3 is anomalously high (0.042 ± 0.002) compared to previousestimates at similar temperatures (~8 °C). The DSr (0.100 ± 0.007) is similar to previously reported values, but datafrom this study as well as those from Tremaine and Froelich (2013) and Day and Henderson (2013) suggest that [Na/Sr] mightplay an important role in Sr incorporation through the potential for Na to outcompete Sr for calcite non-lattice sites. DBa inCD3 (0.086 ± 0.008) is similar to values derived by Day and Henderson (2013) under cave-analogue conditions, whilst DU (0.013 ± 0.002) is almost an order of magnitude lower, possibly due to the unusually slow speleothem growth rates(<1 lm a-1), which could expose the crystal surfaces to leaching of uranyl carbonate. Finally, laser-ablation ICP-MS analysisof the upper 7 lm of CD3, regarded as ‘modern’ for the purposes of this study, reveals considerable heterogeneity, particularlyfor Sr, Ba and U, which is potentially indicative of compositional zoning. This reinforces the need to conduct 2D mappingand/or multiple laser passes to capture the range of time-equivalent elemental variations prior to palaeoclimate interpretation

Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals

Genomic analyses of Neanderthals have previously provided insights into their population history and relationship to modern humans1–8, but the social organization of Neanderthal communities remains poorly understood. Here we present genetic data for 13 Neanderthals from two Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia: 11 from Chagyrskaya Cave9,10 and 2 from Okladnikov Cave11—making this one of the largest genetic studies of a Neanderthal population to date. We used hybridization capture to obtain genome-wide nuclear data, as well as mitochondrial and Y-chromosome sequences. Some Chagyrskaya individuals were closely related, including a father–daughter pair and a pair of second-degree relatives, indicating that at least some of the individuals lived at the same time. Up to one-third of these individuals’ genomes had long segments of homozygosity, suggesting that the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals were part of a small community. In addition, the Y-chromosome diversity is an order of magnitude lower than the mitochondrial diversity, a pattern that we found is best explained by female migration between communities. Thus, the genetic data presented here provide a detailed documentation of the social organization of an isolated Neanderthal community at the easternmost extent of their known range

Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals

International audienceGenomic analyses of Neanderthals have previously provided insights into their population history and relationship to modern humans1-8, but the social organization of Neanderthal communities remains poorly understood. Here we present genetic data for 13 Neanderthals from two Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia: 11 from Chagyrskaya Cave9,10 and 2 from Okladnikov Cave11—making this one of the largest genetic studies of a Neanderthal population to date. We used hybridization capture to obtain genome-wide nuclear data, as well as mitochondrial and Y-chromosome sequences. Some Chagyrskaya individuals were closely related, including a father-daughter pair and a pair of second-degree relatives, indicating that at least some of the individuals lived at the same time. Up to one-third of these individuals' genomes had long segments of homozygosity, suggesting that the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals were part of a small community. In addition, the Y-chromosome diversity is an order of magnitude lower than the mitochondrial diversity, a pattern that we found is best explained by female migration between communities. Thus, the genetic data presented here provide a detailed documentation of the social organization of an isolated Neanderthal community at the easternmost extent of their known range

Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals

International audienceGenomic analyses of Neanderthals have previously provided insights into their population history and relationship to modern humans1-8, but the social organization of Neanderthal communities remains poorly understood. Here we present genetic data for 13 Neanderthals from two Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia: 11 from Chagyrskaya Cave9,10 and 2 from Okladnikov Cave11—making this one of the largest genetic studies of a Neanderthal population to date. We used hybridization capture to obtain genome-wide nuclear data, as well as mitochondrial and Y-chromosome sequences. Some Chagyrskaya individuals were closely related, including a father-daughter pair and a pair of second-degree relatives, indicating that at least some of the individuals lived at the same time. Up to one-third of these individuals' genomes had long segments of homozygosity, suggesting that the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals were part of a small community. In addition, the Y-chromosome diversity is an order of magnitude lower than the mitochondrial diversity, a pattern that we found is best explained by female migration between communities. Thus, the genetic data presented here provide a detailed documentation of the social organization of an isolated Neanderthal community at the easternmost extent of their known range

Emerging extranuclear roles of protein SUMOylation in neuronal function and dysfunction

Post-translational protein modifications are integral components of signalling cascades that enable cells to efficiently, rapidly and reversibly respond to extracellular stimuli. These modifications have crucial roles in the CNS, where the communication between neurons is particularly complex. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification in which a member of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family of proteins is conjugated to lysine residues in target proteins. It is well established that SUMOylation controls many aspects of nuclear function, but it is now clear that it is also a key determinant in many extranuclear neuronal processes, and it has also been implicated in a wide range of neuropathological conditions