La qualité de gouvernance et le triangle croissance-inégalité-pauvreté

The main objective of the present study is to identify the mechanisms through which governance affects at the same time inequality, poverty and growth. The study covers the period 1996-2012 which corresponds to the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The latter has, as a primary objective, reducing to a certain extent the proportion of people living in extreme poverty. To answer our research question, we use a structural model with simultaneous equations on Panel data. The results of the econometric estimates show that in the case of low-income countries, improving the quality of governance does not lead directly to the reduction of poverty. However, for middle-income countries with a certain level of economic development, poverty can be reduced through governance reforms. Indeed, at a certain level of development, the nature of the political regime, the political stability and the effectiveness of government can contribute to reducing poverty. In addition, our results show that governance variables have a dual effect. The first effect on economic growth is positive while the second effect on inequality is negative. These effects are found for the three groups under study

La bonne gouvernance est-elle un déterminant de croissance économique et de réduction de la pauvreté ?

This paper studies the relationship between governance, economic growth, and poverty. This relationship is examined using panel data from 1996 to 2012. Empirical evidence does not support the hypothesis that good governance leads to poverty reduction. Indeed, the estimation results show that good governance only directly reduces poverty in lower-middle-income countries, and not in low-income countries and upper-middle-income countries. For the latter two, governance indirectly affects poverty, through its influence on economic growth

La qualité de gouvernance et le triangle croissance-inégalité-pauvreté

The main objective of the present study is to identify the mechanisms through which governance affects at the same time inequality, poverty and growth. The study covers the period 1996-2012 which corresponds to the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The latter has, as a primary objective, reducing to a certain extent the proportion of people living in extreme poverty. To answer our research question, we use a structural model with simultaneous equations on Panel data. The results of the econometric estimates show that in the case of low-income countries, improving the quality of governance does not lead directly to the reduction of poverty. However, for middle-income countries with a certain level of economic development, poverty can be reduced through governance reforms. Indeed, at a certain level of development, the nature of the political regime, the political stability and the effectiveness of government can contribute to reducing poverty. In addition, our results show that governance variables have a dual effect. The first effect on economic growth is positive while the second effect on inequality is negative. These effects are found for the three groups under study

Illicit use of high-dosage buprenorphine in Tunisia

In Tunisia, dependence to high-dosage buprenorphine (HDB) is expanding since the uprising of 2011, driving the epidemics of blood-borne infectons among people who inject drugs. Only one rehabilitaton center (Thyna center), run by the Tunisian Associaton for the Preventon of Drug Use is stll operatng in the country and acceptng to treat patents. The aim of this study is to provide evidence-based solutons for the mitgaton and preventon of HDB illicit use in Tunisia through the analysis and discussion of the results of a cross-sectonal survey conducted to describe the socio-economic, the medical characteristcs, the substance use paterns, and the treatment outcomes of patents seeking treatment at the Thyna  rehabilitaton center during the year 2013. The results of this survey showed that main demographic characteristcs of the patents using illegal HDB were single men, unemployed and from low-income urban areas. The intravenous use was privileged and incarceraton recurrences (p<0.05), alcoholism (p<0.01) and migraton (p<0.01) were associated with daily dosage of HDB. Most of the patents dropped out of treatment within the frst month at the center. The analysis reveals the unmet needs of the people who inject drugs in terms of preventon and treatment and identfes opioid maintenance therapy within a psychosocial rehabilitaton program framework as a good alternatve to the current available health services for people who use drugs in Tunisia. Future research areas will explore the social factors behind substance use and substance injecton in Tunisia among out-of reach groups of women and adolescents; as such data is needed to develop efcient policies. Keywords: Injectng drug use, opioid, maintenance therapy, drug polic

Revisiting the Causality between Oil Prices and Stock Markets in Selected MENA Countries: A Bootstrap Rolling-window Approach

The main objective of this paper is to explore the dynamic causality between the fluctuations in oil prices and the trends observed in stock market indices of selected economies with oil-related characteristics. These countries include oil-importing nations such as Egypt and Tunisia, as well as one oil-exporting country, namely Oman. Our study uses monthly data spanning from January 2008 to February 2022. To investigate this causality, we adopt the rolling-window bootstrap causality test. The empirical results reveal that the causal relationship between stock market indices and oil prices is not stable, but rather fluctuates over time. Remarkably, these variations in causality coincide to important events, such as the sovereign debt crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic. This suggests that external shocks and exceptional events significantly influence the causal dynamics between oil prices and stock market in these countries. It is, therefore, crucial for policymakers and investors to take into account periods of economic uncertainty and major world events into their decision-making process. By adopting a proactive approach and carefully monitoring global economic indicators, they will be able to anticipate risks, adjust their strategies to meet economic challenges

Les déterminants institutionnels et macroéconomiques du développement du marché boursier dans les pays de la région MENA

This paper analyzes the impact of macroeconomic and institutional determinants on stock market development. Based on a panel data for 14 countries in the MENA region, observed during the period 2006-2015and using a board of instrumental variables techniques, we have found a significant effect of institutional determinants on financial market development as shown byHall and Jones, 1999; Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson, 2001. We have also obtained the following key results: macroeconomic factors, such as savings rate, interest rate and of stock market liquidity are important determinants of stock market development. Moreover, the results show that institutional development as captured by a political risk index is not a strong predictor of stock market development in the MENA region

Chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the distal tibia: a rare case report

Chondroblastic osteosarcoma, representing about 25% of osteosarcoma, is a fatal primary malignancy of the skeleton if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. It most commonly occurs in the long bones of the extremities near the metaphyseal growth plates. In this report, we describe the occurrence of chondroblastic osteosarcoma involving the left distal tibia in a 14-year-old male. The diagnosis was confirmed by the histological examination of a surgical biopsy. The patient was treated by both surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. No recurrence was noted at 3 years of follow-up. To our knowledge, only two cases describing chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the distal tibia had been reported through English medical literature. Therefore, the aim of our article is to make the clinician aware of this rare clinical presentation and also to provide a comprehensive review of the literature related to this uncommon malignant tumour.Keywords: Osteosarcoma, chondroblastic, tibi

Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia

[EN] The purpose of this study was to identify Escherichia coli isolates in diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia and characterise their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. In the 2014-2015 period, 60 faecal samples from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits were collected from different breeding farms in Tunisia. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents was tested by disc diffusion method and the mechanisms of gene resistance were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Forty E. coli isolates were recovered in selective media. High frequency of resistance to tetracycline (95%) was detected, followed by different levels of resistance to sulphonamide (72.5%), streptomycin (62.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60%), nalidixic acid (32.5%), ampicillin (37.5%) and ticarcillin (35%). E. coli strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem. Different variants of blaTEM, tet, sul genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphonamide, respectively. The presence of class 1 integron was studied in 29 sulphonamide-resistant E. coli strains from which 15 harboured class 1 integron with four different arrangements of gene cassettes, dfrA17+aadA5 (n=9), dfrA1 + aadA1 (n=4), dfrA12 + addA2 (n=1), dfrA12+orf+addA2 (n=1). The qnrB gene was detected in six strains out of 13 quinolone-resistant E. coli strains. Seventeen E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic rabbits harboured the enteropathogenic eae genes associated with different virulence genes tested (fimA, cnf1, aer), and affiliated to B2 (n=8) and D (n=9) phylogroups. Isolated E. coli strains from healthy rabbit were harbouring fim A and/or cnf1 genes and affiliated to A and B1 phylogroups. This study showed that E. coli strains from the intestinal tract of rabbits are resistant to the widely prescribed antibiotics in medicine. Therefore, they constitute a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes, which may play a significant role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the eae virulence gene seemed to be implicated in diarrhoea in breeder rabbits in Tunisia.The work was supported by Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Technology (LR16IP03). Many thanks go to the members of the Department of Animal Production, National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia for their help in collecting the samples.Ben Rhouma, R.; Jouini, A.; Klibi, A.; Hamrouni, S.; Boubaker, A.; Kmiha, S.; Maaroufi, A. (2020). Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia. World Rabbit Science. 28(2):81-91. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2020.10879OJS8191282Allen H.K., Donato J., Wang H.H, Cloud-Hansen K.A., Davies J. 2010. Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 8: 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2312Allocatti N., Masulli M., Alexeyev M.F., Di Ilio C. 2013. Escherichia coli in Europe: An overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 10: 6235-6254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10126235Alonso C.A., Zarazaga M., Ben Sallem R., Jouini A., Ben Slama K., Torres C. 2017. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in Husbandry animals. The African perspective. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 64: 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12724Barbosa T.M., Levy S.B. 2000. The impact of antibiotic use on resistance development and persistence. Drug Resist. Updates, 5: 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1054/drup.2000.0167Ben Said L., Jouini A., Klibi N., Dziri R., Alonso C.A., Boudabous A., Ben Slama K., Torres C. 2015. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in vegetables, soil and water of farm environment in Tunisia. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 203: 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.023Ben Sallem R.B., Gharsa H., Slama K.B.., Rojo-Bezares B, Estepa V., Porres-Osante N., Jouini A., Klibi N., Sáenz Y., Boudabous A., Torres C. 2013. First detection of CTX-M-, CMY-2, and QnrB19 resistance mechanisms in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy pets in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 13: 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1047Ben Slama K., Jouini A., Ben Sallem R., Somalo S., Sáenz Y., Estepa V., Boudabous A., Torres C. 2010. Prevalence of broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in food samples in Tunisia and characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms implicated. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 13: 281-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.003Ben Slama K., Ben Sallem R., Jouini A., Rachid S., Moussa L., Saenz Y., Estepa V., Somalo S., Boudabous A., Torres C. 2011. Diversity of genetic lineages among CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14 producing Escherichia coli strains in a Tunisian hospital. Curr. Microbiol., 62: 1794-1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-011-9930-4Blanco J.E., Blanco M., Blanco J., Mora A., Balaguer L., Mourino M., JuÁrez A., Jansen W.H. 1996. O serogroups, biotypes, and eae genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy rabbits. J. Clin. Microbiol., 34: 3101- 3107. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.34.12.3101-3107.1996Blanco M., Blanco J.E., Dahbi G., Alonso M.P., Mora A., Corira M.A.A., Madrid C., Juárez A., Bernárdez M.I., González E.A., Blanco J. 2006. Identification of two new intimin types in atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Int. Microbiol., 9: 103-110.Brinas L., Zarazaga M., Saenz Y., Ruiz-Larrea F., Torres C. 2002. Beta-lactamases in ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from foods, humans, and healthy animals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46: 3156-3163. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.10.3156-3163.2002Bryan A., Shapir N., Sadowsky M.J. 2004. Frequency and distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in genetically diverse, nonselected and nonclinical Escherichia coli strains isolated from diverse human and animal sources. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70: 2503-2507. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.4.2503-2507.2004Camarda A., Pennelli D., Battista P., Martella V., Greco L., Alloggio I., Mazzolini E. 2004. Virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from rabbits in southern Italy. In Proc.: 8th World Rabbit Congress., September 7-10, 2004, Puebla, Mexico, 470-476.Clermont O., Bonacorsi S., Bingen E., 2000. Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group. Appl. Environ. Microb., 66: 4555-4558. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000Clermont O., Lavolly M., Vimont S., Deschamps C., Forestier C., Branger C., Denamur E., Arlet G. 2008. The CTX-M15-producing Escherichia coli diffusing clone belongs to a highly virulent B2 phylogenic subgroup. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 61: 1024-1028. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn084Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2015. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twenty-fifth informational supplement. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M100-S25, CLSI, Wayne, PA.Coque T.M., Novais A., Carattoli A., Poirel L., Pitout J., Peixe L., Baquero F., Cantón R., Nordmann P. 2008. Dissemination of clonally related Escherichia coli strains expressing extendedspectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 14: 195-200. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1402.070350Da Costa P.M., Loureiro L., Matos A.J.F. 2013. Transfer of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria between intermingled ecological niches: the interface between Humans, Animals and the environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 10: 278-294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10010278Dotto G., Giacomelli M., Grilli G., Ferrazzi V., Carattoli A., Fortini D., Piccirillo A. 2014. High prevalence of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from domestic and wild lagomorphs in Italy. Microb. Drug Resist., 20: 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2013.0141Eager H., Swan G., van Vuuren M. 2015. A survey of antimicrobial usage in animals in South Africa 479 with specific reference to food animals. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 83: 16. https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v83i1.16Guardabassi L., Schwarz S., Lloyd D.H., 2004. Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 54: 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh332Hai S.W., Qi R.P., Y. Gao M. et al. 2014. Study on molecular characterization of Class I integron and integron-associated antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli from beef cattle. China Animal Husbandry Veterinary Medicine., 41: 63-67.Jacoby G.A., Griffin C., Hooper D.C. 2011. Citrobacter spp. as a source of qnrB alleles. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 55: 4979-4984. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05187-11Johnson T.J., Logue C.M., Johnson J.R., Kuskowski M.A., Sherwood J.S., Barnes H.J., DebRoy C., Wannemuehler Y.M., Obata-Yasuoka M., Spanjaard L., Nolan L.K. 2012. Associations between multidrug resistance, plasmid content, and virulence potential among extra-intestinal pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli from humans and poultry. Foodborne Pathog. Dis., 9: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2011.0961Jouini A., Ben Slama K., Saenz Y., Klibi N., Costa D., Vinué L., Zarazaga M., Boudabous A., Torres C. 2009. Detection of Multiple-Antimicrobial Resistance and Characterization of the Implicated Genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Foods of Animal Origin in Tunis. J. Food Protect., 72: 1082-1088. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-72.5.1082Kaper J.B., Nataro J.P., Mobley H.L. 2004. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2: 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro818Lauková A., Strompfová V., Szabóová R., Bónai A., Matics Z., Kovács M., Pogány Simonová M. 2019. Enterococci from pannon white rabbits: detection, identification, biofilm and screening for virulence factors. World Rabbit Sci., 27: 31-39. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2019.10875Marinho C., Igrejas G., Gonçalves A., Silva N., Santos T., Monteiro R., Gonçalves D., Rodrigues T., Poeta P. 2014. Azorean wild rabbits as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli. Anaerobe, 30: 116-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.009Panteado A.S., Ugrinivich L.A., Blanco J., Blanco M., Andrade J.R.C., Correa S.S., De Castro A.F.P. 2002. Serobiotypes and virulence genes of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy rabbits in Brazil. Vet. Microb., 89: 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00148-7Pohl P.H., Peeters J.E.E., Jacquemin R., Lintermans P.F., Mainil J.G. 1993. Identification of eae sequences in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from rabbits. Infect. Immun., 61: 2203-2206. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.61.5.2203-2206.1993Poirel L., Bonnin R.A., Nordmann P. 2012. Genetic support and diversity of acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Gram-negative rods. Infect. Genet. Evol., 12: 883-893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.02.008Qing F.K., Yi G., Ze H.Y., YA J.L., Wei H.M., Zhao B.D., Yu W.Z., Guan W. 2006. Detection of quinolone resistance and plasmid mediated quinolone gene in Escherichia coli isolated from rabbit. Chin. J. Prev. Vet. Med., 38: 944-948.Ruiz J., Simon K., Horcajada J.P., Velasco M., Barranco M., Roig G., Moreno-Martínez A., Martínez J.A., Jiménez de Anta T., Mensa J., Vila J. 2002. Differences in virulence factors among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli causing cystitis and pyelonephritis in women and prostatitis in men. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40: 4445-4449. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.12.4445-4449.2002Sáenz Y., Zarazaga M., Briñas L., Lantero M., Ruiz-Larrea F., Torres C. 2001. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animals, foods and humans in Spain. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents.,18: 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00422-8Saenz Y., Briñas L., Domínguez E., Ruiz J., Zarazaga M., Vila J., Torres C. 2004. Mechanisms of resistance in multiple-antibio resistant Escherichia coli strains of human, animal, and food origins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48: 3996-4001. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.10.3996-4001.2004Santos T., Silva N., Igrejas G, Rodrigues P., Micael J., Rodrigues T., Resendes R., Gonçalves A., Marinho C., Gonçalves D., Cunha R., Poeta P. 2013. Dissemination of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli from wild birds of Azores Archipielago. Anaerobe., 24: 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.09.004Silva N., Igrejas G., Figueiredo N., Gonçalves, A., Radhouani H., Rodrigues J., Poeta P. 2010. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci and Escherichia coli isolates from European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Sci Total Environ., 408: 4871-4876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.046Swennes A.G., Buckley E.M., Parry N.M.A., Madden C.M., Garcia A., Morgan P.B., Astrofsky K.M., Fox J.G. 2012. Enzootic Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in Laboratory Rabbits. J. Clin. Microbiol., 50: 2353-2358. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00832-12Teshager T., Herrero I.A., Porrero M.C., Garde J., Moreno M.A., Domínguez L. 2000. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs at Spanish slaughterhouses. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 15: 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00153-9Van den Bogaard A.E., London N., Stobberingh E.E. 2000. Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from The Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden. J. Antimicrobial Chemother., 45: 663-671. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/45.5.663Wang J., Sang L., Chen Y., Sun S., Chen D., Xie X. 2019. Characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus strain causing severe respiratory disease in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 27: 41-48. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2019.10454Werner G., Gfrörer S., Fleige C., Witte W., Klare I. 2008. Tigecycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain isolated from a German ICU patient. J. Antimicrob Chemother., 61: 1182-1183. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn065Yoon S.H., Jeong H., Kwon S.K., Kim J.F. 2009. Genomics, Biological Features, and Biotechnological Applications of Escherichia coli B: Is B for better. In: Lee S.Y. (eds). Systems Biology and Biotechnology of Escherichia coli., 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9394-4_1Zhao X., Yang J., Ju Z., Chang W., Sun S. 2018. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli from rabbit farms in Tai'an, China. Hindawi, Biomed Research International., 2018: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/860764

Homology modeling and docking of AahII-Nanobody complexes reveal the epitope binding site on AahII scorpion toxin

Scorpion envenoming and its treatment is a public health problem in many parts of the world due to highly toxic venom polypeptides diffusing rapidly within the body of severely envenomed victims. Recently, 38 AahII-specific Nanobody sequences (Nbs) were retrieved from which the performance of NbAahII10 nanobody candidate, to neutralize the most poisonous venom compound namely AahII acting on sodium channels, was established. Herein, structural computational approach is conducted to elucidate the Nb-AahII interactions that support the biological characteristics, using Nb multiple sequence alignment (MSA) followed by modeling and molecular docking investigations (RosettaAntibody, ZDOCK software tools). Sequence and structural analysis showed two dissimilar residues of NbAahII10 CDR1 (Tyr27 and Tyr29) and an inserted polar residue Ser30 that appear to play an important role. Indeed, CDR3 region of NbAahII10 is characterized by a specific Met104 and two negatively chargedresidues Asp115 and Asp117. Complex dockings reveal that NbAahII17 and NbAahII38 share one common binding site on the surface of the AahII toxin divergent from the NbAahII10 one's. At least, a couple of NbAahII10 e AahII residue interactions (Gln38 e Asn44 and Arg62, His64, respectively) are mainly involved in the toxic AahII binding site. Altogether, this study gives valuable insights in the design and development of next generation of antivenom