The effects of read length, quality and quantity on microsatellite discovery and primer development: from Illumina to PacBio

The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has transformed the way microsatellites are isolated for ecological and evolutionary investigations. Recent attempts to employ NGS for microsatellite discovery have used the 454, Illumina, and Ion Torrent platforms, but other methods including single-molecule real-time DNA sequencing (Pacific Biosciences or PacBio) remain viable alternatives. We outline a workflow from sequence quality control to microsatellite marker validation in three plant species using PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS). We then evaluate the performance of PacBio CCS in comparison with other NGS platforms for microsatellite isolation, through simulations that focus on variations in read length, read quantity and sequencing error rate. Although quality control of CCS reads reduced microsatellite yield by around 50%, hundreds of microsatellite loci that are expected to have improved conversion efficiency to functional markers were retrieved for each species. The simulations quantitatively validate the advantages of long reads and emphasize the detrimental effects of sequencing errors on NGS-enabled microsatellite development. In view of the continuing improvement in read length on NGS platforms, sequence quality and the corresponding strategies of quality control will become the primary factors to consider for effective microsatellite isolation. Among current options, PacBio CCS may be optimal for rapid, smallscale microsatellite development due to its flexibility in scaling sequencing effort, while platforms such as Illumina MiSeq will provide cost-efficient solutions for multispecies microsatellite projects.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108219/1/Na2014.pdf85Description of Na2014.pdf : main articl

The importance of policy in perceptions of organizational justice

Organizations create policies in an effort to reduce injustice, as well as address the needs and interests of organizational members. We argue that individuals can make fairness judgments related to organizational policies, which are independent from other dimensions of fairness (i.e. distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice). Results of a field study with 164 union members found that (a) individuals make judgments about the fairness of policies that are distinct from other forms of justice, (b) perceptions of policy justice predict variance in behaviors beyond other forms of justice, and (c) perceptions of policy justice interact with distributive and procedural justice to predict behaviors. More specifically, results show that policy justice interacts with distributive justice to predict turnover intentions and citizenship behaviors towards the union. Policy justice also interacts with procedural justice to predict turnover intentions. However, this interaction was in the opposite direction from what we originally predicted. We discuss the implications of these findings for justice research and practice, as well as provide avenues for future research. © The Author(s) 2010