1,644 research outputs found
The âCommon Constitutional Traditionsâ and the Integration of EU
The central question faced by the article is that of the possible integration of the European Union as a multicultural society through its constitutional principles. These are summarized in the so called Common Constitutional Traditions (CCTs) presumably shared by the Member States. Such âtraditionsâ has been worked out by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The answer to the question can be affirmative and the EU can promote social inclusion if the ECJ and other EU institutions take seriously the EU motto: âUnited in diversity.
Presentazione [Teorie costituzionalistiche del diritto: prospettive europee]
I contributi pubblicati in questo e nel prossimo numero di Diritto & questioni pubbliche sotto il titolo \u201cTeorie costituzionalistiche del diritto: prospettive europee\u201d rappresentano i testi rielaborati delle relazioni che sono state presentate all\u2019omonimo Convegno internazionale, organizzato presso il Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza dell\u2019Universit\ue0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia il 23 e 24 ottobre 2015. Nella Costituzione greca l'articolo 3 tratta dei \u201cRapporti tra Chiesa e Stato\u201d e riconosce l\u2019\u201cautocefalia\u201d, ma anche la \u201cpredominanza\u201d della Chiesa greco-ortodossa, Esso rappresenta una vera e propria sfida al principio di laicit\ue0 dello Stato (v. il contributo di Athanasios GROMITSARIS). Nel mondo anglosassone il dibattito su quello che qui da noi viene etichettato come \u201cneocostituzionalismo\u201d si suddivide, principalmente, in tre filoni: quello intorno all\u2019opera di Dworkin; quello sulla connessa discussione sul giuspositivismo inclusivo ed esclusivo; e quello sul \u201cpolitical constitutionalism\u201d e la relativa diatriba sulla legittimit\ue0 democratica della judicial review. Rispetto alla nostra cultura costituzionale, i critici del sindacato di legittimit\ue0 delle leggi, che sostengono la supremazia del parlamento (a partire da J. Waldron), argomentano in modo fuorviante o unilaterale. Essi accentuano il significato democratico della legge, espressione della sovranit\ue0 popolare e della rappresentanza, ma tacciono sul fatto che, se c\u2019\ue8 \u201cqualcosa\u201d che caratterizza in senso moderno il costituzionalismo, questo \u201cqualcosa\u201d \ue8 propriamente il principio antimaggioritario, relativo alla funzione svolta dai giudici nel \u201cgarantire\u201d i diritti (v. il lavoro di Carmen BARRANCO). Tale garanzia concretizza e vivifica il \u201cprecommitment\u201d costituzionale nei confronti dell\u2019invasione della sfera privata dell\u2019individuo da parte del potere della maggioranza (e del potere privato esterno). Stefano BERTEA affronta il tema del costituzionalismo in Inghilterra collegato alle questioni inerenti il rule of law. Il tema del costituzionalismo internazionale/universale \ue8 proposto da Javier ANSU\uc1TEGUI e Thomas GUTMANN, come momento centrale del "moderno". Infine, Aldo SCHIAVELLO e Baldo PASTORE si concentrano su alcuni aspetti salienti del \u201cdiritto nello Stato costituzionale\u201d, svolti dal primo Autore in una prospettiva di giuspositivismo critico, e dal secondo secondo quella dell'ermeneutica giuridica. Le nozioni di \u201ccostituzionalismo\u201d e \u201cneocostituzionalismo\u201d sono \u201cconcetti essenzialmente contestati\u201d, perci\uf2 non \ue8 stato possibile proporne una definizione che sia in grado di amalgamare o collegare anche solo le differenti concezioni degli autori che partecipano al presente dibattito. In fondo, per\uf2, ci\uf2 che \ue8 interessante non \ue8 tanto l\u2019accordo su una loro definizione stipulativa quanto \u2013 piuttosto \u2013 che giuristi costituzionalisti e filosofi del diritto \u201cprendano sul serio\u201d la costituzione, comprendendone le innovative peculiarit\ue0 all\u2019interno delle loro riflessioni in tema di validit\ue0, interpretazione, applicazione ed argomentazione del diritto, ... Naturalmente, gli autori dei contributi che qui si presentano non sono stati chiamati affatto a dimostrare una lealt\ue0 di scuola, ma esprimono il pi\uf9 ampio panorama di opinioni e sensibilit\ue0 in tema di \u201ccostituzionalismo\u201d
Legal Pluralism and Problems of Legal Application
In order to qualify a situation as a case of normative pluralism, it is essential that within the same social environment, rules of different origins are operative, i.e., they are valid and applied, so that the person in question can choose the norms that guide their own behaviour. This is the phenomenon which Boaventura de Sousa Santos defined as 'interlegality.'
The author does not propose a pluralist conception of applying law in a multicultural society, but defending a form of jurisdictional monism that is motivated by practical-normative reasons in accordance with the principle of non-discrimination. The claim, in other words, is that we must treat those who are different from ourselves with 'equal concern and respect.' People belonging to different cultures from our own culture may de facto decide within their own group to let their own legal conflicts be dealt with by community 'jurisdictions.' At the same time, however, the democratic-constitutional legal system must guarantee the administration of justice in the 'last resort,' in accordance with the principle set out in the âequal protection clauseâ (XIV am., sect. 1, US Const.) prescribing that the State cannot 'deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.' It is clear that very often the person asking for such protection will be the most vulnerable person within traditional communities: women
Multicultural society, person and constitution: the immigrant as pariah
Desde una perspectiva constitucional, la dignidad de la persona depende del reconocimiento por parte de la sociedad y del Estado de los derechos fundamentales que hacen posible el desarrollo de la personalidad y de la identidad del individuo. En nuestra sociedad pluralista y multicultural, de acuerdo al sistema polĂtico democrĂĄtico-constitucional que rige, no podemos tratar âlos inmigrantesâ como âpariahâ, humillando, pisoteando su dignidad y sus derechos. Se pueden extraer de la ConstituciĂłn italiana (particularmente en los artĂculos 2y 3) algunos principios, como: dignidad de la persona, tolerancia e âigual reconocimientoy respetoâ. Los mismos constituyen el nĂșcleo normativo de la âsolidaridad entre extrañosâ y hacen de fundamento para la integraciĂłn de la sociedad actual. Respecto a este problema la ConstituciĂłn es entendida comoâdocumento de identidadâ normativo que ofrece, tanto a ânosotrosâ, nacionales,como a los âotrosâ, los inmigrantes, la posibilidad de integrarse, o mejor de sentirse incluidos en la sociedad, en el respeto de la identidad y de la dignidad subjetivas. En este sentido, lo que se define como âpatriotismo constitucionalâ puede ser entendido no como la esencia de una identidad colectiva estable, sino como un proceso pragmĂĄtico de identificaciĂłn con los âprincipios fundamentalesârecogidos en el texto constitucional.From a constitutional point of view personal dignity depends on the societal and State recognition of fundamental rights that makes the flourishing of the individualâs personality and identity possible. In our pluralist and multicultural society, according to its political system, democratic and constitutional in nature, we cannot treat the immigrants as pariah, by humiliating them and trampling upon their dignity and rights. From the Italian Constitution (esp. arts 2 and 3) we may obtain some principles such as personal dignity, toleration, âequal concern and respectâ. They shape the normative nucleus of the so-called âsolidarity among foreignersâ and serve as the basis for integrating todayâs society. As far as the latter issue is concerned, the constitution is understood as the normative âidentity cardâ which offers âusâ the fellow citizens, as well as to the âothers,â the immigrants, the opportunity to integrate, or better to feel included in society, according to the personal identity and dignity of every person. It follows that the âconstitutional patriotismâ can be understood not as the essence of a fixed collective identity, but as a pragmatic process of identification in the constitutional fundamental principles
Domande intorno alla crisi dellâetĂ dei diritti: un poâ di realismo sui diritti umani
Norberto Bobbio coined the notion of âage of rightsâ. Taking his conception seriously we cannot argue appropriately that there is a crisis of the age of rights. If we adopt the point of view proposed by Bobbio, which is that of the people involved, we can see that in several places of the world vulnerable persons use the language of rights to sustain with a moral legitimacy their claims for better living conditions. As rights havenât lost their function of emancipation and inclusion of people the âcrisis of the age of rightsâ doesnât exist
PrincĂŹpi costituzionali: âdalla struttura alla funzioneâ
Il paper manifesta la richiesta di mutare prospettiva nei confronti dei princĂŹpi costituzionali âcostitutiviâ
(eguaglianza, dignitĂ , libertĂ , ecc.). Esso intende affrontare il problema di delimitare tale categoria allâinterno
dellâordinamento costituzionale italiano. Seguendo Bobbio, propongo di passare dallâanalisi strutturale a quella
funzionale dei princĂŹpi, per comprenderli in modo adeguato rispetto alla loro presenza nellâordinamento dello
Stato costituzionale. Prima, i princĂŹpi costituzionali âcostitutiviâ sono distinti dai valori. Si ritiene che essi non
siano valori, poiché questi non tollerano compromessi né bilanciamenti, ma pretendono di valere in modo
assoluto. Pertanto, i valori non sono adatti come base normativa per una società pluralista come la attuale, poiché
sono nemici del pluralismo. Inoltre, i princĂŹpi âcostitutiviâ non sono neppure norme, poichĂ© non hanno la
struttura logica condizionale, caratteristica delle regole giuridiche: âse A allora Bâ. E non lo sono neppure, se
consideriamo la concezione delle norme come âreason for actionâ. Tuttavia hanno carattere prescrittivo. Da un
punto di vista pratico, la loro prima funzione Ăš quella di tutelare la dignitĂ delle persone, in particolare
interessate dalle vicende giudiziarie, ma ne svolgono anche una costitutiva nei confronti sia dellâordinamento
giuridico nel suo complesso, sia del significato e delle norme e dei fatti, rilevanti per i casi difficili e nei ricorsi
dinanzi alla Corte costituzionale.My argument tries to justify a change of perspective in the analysis of constitutional âconstitutiveâ principles.
Following Norberto Bobbio, I argue that jurisprudence should switch from structural to functional analysis in
order to better understand the role of principles in the legal order of a constitutional State. First, I draw the
distinction between constitutional principles and values. Principles are not values, because values donât tolerate
compromises and balances, and claim validity at the expenses of all other values. The problem of conceiving
principles as values is that ours is a pluralistic society, whereas values are, given their very nature, enemies of
pluralism. Constitutional principles, like equality, freedom, solidarity, etc., are not legal norms either. If,
following Kelsen, we take a norm to be a hypothetical judgement, principles cannot be considered to be norms,
for the simple reason that neither they state a triggering condition nor they foresee consequences of the action. I
conclude, thus, that constitutive principles are an independent axiological category, with its peculiar logic. They
are âconstitutiveâ both of the legal order as a whole and of the normative meaning of the case at stake.
Constitutional principles must be adhered to and engaged with. Their proper function is driving judges to
develop a peculiar sensitivity for an adequate and fair decision for the case at stake
Neuropsychiatric disturbances in atypical Parkinsonian disorders
Multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are the most common atypical parkinsonisms. These disorders are characterized by varying combinations of autonomic, cerebellar and pyramidal system, and cognitive dysfunctions. In this paper, we reviewed the evidence available on the presence and type of neuropsychiatric disturbances in MSA, PSP, and CBD. A MedLine, Excerpta Medica, PsycLit, PsycInfo, and Index Medicus search was performed to identify all articles published on this topic between 1965 and 2018. Neuropsychiatric disturbances including depression, anxiety, agitation, and behavioral abnormalities have been frequently described in these disorders, with depression as the most frequent disturbance. MSA patients show a higher frequency of depressive disorders when compared to healthy controls. An increased frequency of anxiety disorders has also been reported in some patients, and no studies have investigated apathy. PSP patients may have depression, apathy, disinhibition, and to a lesser extent, anxiety and agitation. In CBD, neuropsychiatric disorders are similar to those present in PSP. Hallucinations and delusions are rarely reported in these disorders. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in MSA, PSP, and CBD do not appear to be related to the severity of motor dysfunction and are one of the main factors that determine a low quality of life. The results suggest that neuropsychiatric disturbances should always be assessed in patients with atypical parkinsonisms
Does the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold change over time in focal dystonia?
BACKGROUND:
The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is defined as the shortest interval at which an individual recognizes two stimuli as asynchronous. Some evidence suggests that STDT depends on cortical inhibitory interneurons in the basal ganglia and in primary somatosensory cortex. Several studies have reported that the STDT in patients with dystonia is abnormal. No longitudinal studies have yet investigated whether STDT values in different forms of focal dystonia change during the course of the disease.
METHODS:
We designed a follow-up study on 25 patients with dystonia (15 with blepharospasm and 10 with cervical dystonia) who were tested twice: upon enrolment and 8 years later. STDT values from dystonic patients at the baseline were also compared with those from a group of 30 age-matched healthy subjects.
RESULTS:
Our findings show that the abnormally high STDT values observed in patients with focal dystonia remained unchanged at the 8-year follow-up assessment whereas disease severity worsened.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our observation that STDT abnormalities in dystonia remain unmodified during the course of the disease suggests that the altered activity of inhibitory interneurons-either at cortical or at subcortical level-responsible for the increased STDT does not deteriorate as the disease progresses
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