84 research outputs found

    Theoretical study of electronic relaxation processes in hydrated Gd<sup>3+</sup> complexes in solutions

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    The EPR line widths of [Gd(H2O)(8)](3+) measured in water at various magnetic fields by Merbach's group have been reinterpreted. A theoretical model of the transverse electronic relaxation is proposed, All the terms of the static zero-field splitting (ZFS) allowed by the symmetry of the complex are included and shown to have a significant contribution. The influence of a transient distortion ZFS is also studied

    Prehistory of Transit Searches

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    Nowadays the more powerful method to detect extrasolar planets is the transit method. We review the planet transits which were anticipated, searched, and the first ones which were observed all through history. Indeed transits of planets in front of their star were first investigated and studied in the solar system. The first observations of sunspots were sometimes mistaken for transits of unknown planets. The first scientific observation and study of a transit in the solar system was the observation of Mercury transit by Pierre Gassendi in 1631. Because observations of Venus transits could give a way to determine the distance Sun-Earth, transits of Venus were overwhelmingly observed. Some objects which actually do not exist were searched by their hypothetical transits on the Sun, as some examples a Venus satellite and an infra-mercurial planet. We evoke the possibly first use of the hypothesis of an exoplanet transit to explain some periodic variations of the luminosity of a star, namely the star Algol, during the eighteen century. Then we review the predictions of detection of exoplanets by their transits, those predictions being sometimes ancient, and made by astronomers as well as popular science writers. However, these very interesting predictions were never published in peer-reviewed journals specialized in astronomical discoveries and results. A possible transit of the planet beta Pic b was observed in 1981. Shall we see another transit expected for the same planet during 2018? Today, some studies of transits which are connected to hypothetical extraterrestrial civilisations are published in astronomical refereed journals. Some studies which would be classified not long ago as science fiction are now considered as scientific ones.Comment: Submiited to Handbook of Exoplanets (Springer

    Energy levels and exchange interactions of spin clusters

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    We first describe a simple method for diagonalizing the isotropic exchange Hamiltonian of a cluster of NN spins in the most general case where all the exchange constants are different. The technique, based on the rotation invariance of the system, leads to a considerable reduction of the total matrix. Simple expressions of the magnetization and susceptibility are provided and an example of the determination of the exchange constants of a complex with five Cu2+^{2+} ions is given. It is also shown that for a large variety of spin configurations occuring in metal complexes, it is possible to diagonalize the dominant isotropic exchange spin hamiltonian in a straightforward way by using recoupling techniques. This allows to solve problems up to a nine spin cluster with spins having different gg values. This survey is pursued by the theoretical approach of the magnetic properties of interacting spins on a finite ring with a detailed study of an oligonuclear metal nitroxide complex formed by six Mn2+(S=5/2)^{2+}(S = 5/2) and six free radicals (s=1/2s = 1/2). The temperature behaviour of the susceptibility is interpreted with a semi-classical model of a cyclic alternate finite chain. Finally we give a procedure for determining the three exchange constants of three spin 1/2 coupled by isotropic exchange constants in the unsolved case where these constants are all dilferent.Nous dĂ©crivons d'abord une mĂ©thode simple pour diagonaliser l'Hamiltonien d'Ă©change isotrope d'un cluster de NN spins dans le cas le plus gĂ©nĂ©ral oĂč toutes les constantes d'Ă©change sont diffĂ©rentes. La technique, basĂ©e sur l'invariance rotationnelle du systĂšme, conduit Ă  une rĂ©duction considĂ©rable de la matrice totale. On donne des expressions simples de l'aimantation et de la susceptibilitĂ© et la mĂ©thode est appliquĂ©e Ă  la dĂ©termination des interactions d'Ă©change d'un complexe comprenant cinq ions Cu2+^{2+}. On montre Ă©galement que pour une assez grande variĂ©tĂ© de configurations de spins prĂ©sentes dans les complexes mĂ©talliques, on peut rĂ©soudre l'Hamiltonien de spin d'Ă©change isotrope dominant de maniĂšre directe par des techniques de recouplage. Ceci permet de traiter des clusters jusqu'Ă  neuf spins, ces derniers pouvant avoir des facteurs gg diffĂ©rents. Nous poursuivons cette revue par une Ă©tude thĂ©orique des propriĂ©tĂ©s magnĂ©tiques de spins en interaction sur un anneau avec une Ă©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e d'un complexe oligonuclĂ©aire mĂ©tal-nitroxyde formĂ© de six ions Mn2+(S=5/2)^{2+}(S = 5/2) et de six radicaux libres (s=1/2s = 1/2). Le comportement en fonction de la tempĂ©rature de la susceptibilitĂ© est interprĂ©tĂ© Ă  l'aide d'un modĂšle semi-classique de chaine alternĂ©e cyclique. Enfin, nous donnons un procĂ©dĂ© pour dĂ©terminer les trois constantes d'Ă©change d'un systĂšme de trois spins 1/2 couplĂ©s par Ă©change isotrope dans le cas non rĂ©solu oĂč ces trois constantes sont toutes diffĂ©rentes

    Cours de mécanique quantique

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    Time correlation functions of isotropic intermolecular site-site interactions in liquids : effects of the site eccentricity and of the molecular distribution

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    In the theories of electron spin exchange, of scalar nuclear relaxation by paramagnetic impurities, and of diffusion induced direct proton tunnelling in solution, one has to calculate the correlation function or the spectral density of a purely radial intermolecular coupling, the fluctuations of which result from the diffusion of the molecules. For polyatomic molecules the interspin or intersite coupling depends on both the translational and rotational random motion. By using the exact solutions of the diffusion equation, we calculate the spectral density for an intersite coupling of the form F(r) = (C/r)exp(- λsr) which is expanded in rotational invariants. The importance of the effects of eccentricity of the spins and of the non uniform equilibrium distribution of the molecules is discussed and illustrated by numerical examples. The theory is then applied to the intermolecular tunnelling proton transfer mechanism in solutions.Dans les théories de l'échange entre spins électroniques, de la relaxation nucléaire scalaire par des impuretés paramagnétiques, et du mécanisme, contrÎlé par la diffusion, de transfert direct des protons par effet tunnel dans les solutions, on doit calculer la fonction de corrélation ou la densité spectrale d'un couplage intermoléculaire purement radial, dont les fluctuations résultent de la diffusion des molécules. Pour les molécules polyatomiques, le couplage interspin ou intersite dépend à la fois des mouvements aléatoires de translation et de rotation. En utilisant la solution exacte de l'équation de diffusion, nous calculons la densité spectrale d'un couplage intersite de la forme F(r) = (C/r)exp (- λs r) que l'on développe sous forme d'invariants rotationnels. L'importance des effets d'excentricité des spins et de la distribution non uniforme des molécules à l'équilibre est discutée et illustrée par des exemples numériques. La théorie est ensuite appliquée au mécanisme de transfert intermoléculaire des protons par effet tunnel dans les solutions

    Influence des défauts ponctuels sur l'élargissement des raies de résonance électronique de l'ion Er3+ dans MgO

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    A theoretical study of line widths and line shapes corresponding to permitted transitions bĂ©tween sublevels proceeding from a crystalline Γ 8 level is given. Some lines are broadened by crystal defects ; by a generalization of Anderson's statistical theory a Lorentzian line shape is obtained. Broadening mechanisms of other lines much narrower than the previous ones are examined. The case of Er3+ in MgO is described in particular.On Ă©tudie thĂ©oriquement les formes et les largeurs de raies correspondant aux transitions permises entre sous niveaux Zeeman issus d'un niveau cristallin Γ8. Certaines raies sont Ă©largies par les dĂ©fauts du rĂ©seau et on montre, par une gĂ©nĂ©ralisation de la thĂ©orie statistique d'Anderson, que leur forme est Lorentzienne. On examine aussi les mĂ©canismes d'Ă©largissement d'autres raies beaucoup plus fines que les prĂ©cĂ©dentes. Le cas de l'ion Er3+ dans MgO est plus particuliĂšrement dĂ©crit

    Effets des fonctions de corrélation de paire sur la relaxation nucléaire intermoléculaire par diffusion translationnelle et rotationnelle dans les liquides

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    In order to study the intermolecular relaxation due to magnetic dipolar interactions, we calculate the spectral densities J2(ω) resulting from random translational and rotational motions of spherical molecules carrying off-centre spins. The relative translational motion is treated in the frame-work of a general diffusion equation (the Smoluchowski equation) which takes into account the existence of effective forces between the molecules. This model implies a pair corrĂ©lation function, i.e. a non uniform relative distribution of the molecules. The analytical calculations are carried out by taking correctly into account the hard sphere boundary conditions for the molecules. Explicit numerical calculations of the spectral densities are performed using finite difference methods and the pair correlation function of Verlet and Weis obtained by computer experiments. The resulting calculations allow one to interpret the relaxation exhibited by benzene and some of its monohalogen derivatives which has been measured by Jonas et al. at various pressures. The effects of pair correlation and eccentricity contribute to a noticeable enhancement of the spectral densities, especially as the frequency increases. The translational correlation times calculated from the Stokes formula and those deduced from intermolecular relaxation studies are compared. It is shown that in order to distinguish which of the dynamical models is appropriate, measurements must be made as a function of frequency.En vue d'Ă©tudier la relaxation intermolĂ©culaire par couplage dipolaire magnĂ©tique, on calcule les densitĂ©s spectrales J2(ω) rĂ©sultant des mouvements alĂ©atoires de translation et de rotation de molĂ©cules sphĂ©riques portant des spins excentrĂ©s. Le mouvement de translation relative est traitĂ© dans le cadre d'une Ă©quation de diffusion gĂ©nĂ©rale (Ă©quation de Smoluchowski) qui tient compte de la prĂ©sence de forces effectives entre les molĂ©cules. Ce modĂšle implique l'existence d'une corrĂ©lation de paire, c'est-Ă -dire une distribution relative non uniforme des molĂ©cules. Les calculs analytiques sont menĂ©s en tenant compte rigoureusement de l'impĂ©nĂ©trabilitĂ© des molĂ©cules assimilĂ©es Ă  des boules dures. Des calculs numĂ©riques explicites des densitĂ©s spectrales sont effectuĂ©s par des mĂ©thodes de diffĂ©rences finies avec la fonction de corrĂ©lation de paire de Verlet et Weis obtenue par des simulations Ă  l'ordinateur. Les calculs prĂ©cĂ©dents nous servent Ă  analyser dans le benzĂšne et certains de ses dĂ©rivĂ©s mono-halogĂ©nĂ©s la relaxation mesurĂ©e par Jonas et al. en fonction de la pression. Les effets de corrĂ©lation de paire et d'excentricitĂ© contribuent Ă  une augmentation notable des densitĂ©s spectrales, d'autant plus forte que la frĂ©quence est plus Ă©levĂ©e. On compare ensuite les temps de corrĂ©lation translationnelle calculĂ©s par une loi de Stokes avec ceux dĂ©duits des Ă©tudes de relaxation intermolĂ©culaire. On montre la nĂ©cessitĂ© de travailler Ă  frĂ©quence variable pour dĂ©gager le modĂšle dynamique le plus adĂ©quat

    Intermolecular tunnelling between diffusing spherical potential wells : a first approach to direct proton transfer in solutions

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    A theoretical model for the intermolecular proton transfer AH+ + B ⇄ A + HB+ between identical molecules A and B in solution is proposed. The proton is initially assumed to be in the ground bound state of a three dimensional (3D) spherical potential well belonging to molecule A. When the diffusing molecules A and B collide, the proton can tunnel through a 3D potential barrier and be trapped in an equivalent 3D spherical well belonging to molecule B. This corresponds to a resonant process in a 3D double potential well. An analytic expression of the transfer rate can be obtained by evaluating the resonance frequency of the double well within the LCAO approximation, and by using a classical description of the relative diffusion of the molecules. Typical values of the tunnelling transfer rate are provided and it is shown that this mechanism may dominate the normal activated process as the temperature is lowered.On propose un modĂšle thĂ©orique pour dĂ©crire le transfert intermolĂ©culaire d'un proton dans la rĂ©action AH+ + B ⇄ A + HB+ entre des molĂ©cules identiques A et B en solution. On suppose que le proton se trouve initialement dans l'Ă©tat fondamental liĂ© d'un potentiel sphĂ©rique Ă  trois dimensions (3D) localisĂ© sur la molĂ©cule A. Lorsque les molĂ©cules A et B, qui ont un mouvement de diffusion, entrent en collision, le proton peut franchir la barriĂšre de potentiel 3D et ĂȘtre piĂ©gĂ© dans le potentiel sphĂ©rique equivalent relatif Ă  la molĂ©cule B. Ce mĂ©canisme correspond Ă  un processus rĂ©sonnant dans un double puits de potentiel 3D. Une expression analytique du taux de transfert peut ĂȘtre obtenue en Ă©valuant la frĂ©quence de rĂ©sonance du double puits dans le cadre de l'approximation LCAO, et en adoptant une description classique de la diffusion relative des molĂ©cules. On donne des valeurs typiques du taux de transfert par effet tunnel et l'on montre que ce mĂ©canisme peut dominer le processus normal d'activation Ă  basse tempĂ©rature
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