Hawaiian Picture‐Winged Drosophila Exhibit Adaptive Population Divergence along a Narrow Climatic Gradient on Hawaii Island

1. Anthropogenic influences on global processes and climatic conditions are increasingly affecting ecosystems throughout the world. 2. Hawaii Island’s native ecosystems are well studied and local long‐term climatic trends well documented, making these ecosystems ideal for evaluating how native taxa may respond to a warming environment. 3.This study documents adaptive divergence of populations of a Hawaiian picture‐winged Drosophila, D. sproati, that are separated by only 7 km and 365 m in elevation. 4.Representative laboratory populations show divergent behavioral and physiological responses to an experimental low‐intensity increase in ambient temperature during maturation. The significant interaction of source population by temperature treatment for behavioral and physiological measurements indicates differential adaptation to temperature for the two populations. 5.Significant differences in gene expression among males were mostly explained by the source population, with eleven genes in males also showing a significant interaction of source population by temperature treatment. 6.The combined behavior, physiology, and gene expression differences between populations illustrate the potential for local adaptation to occur over a fine spatial scale and exemplify nuanced response to climate change

The relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law from the perspective of a human rights treaty body

The debate about the simultaneous applicability of international humanitarian law and human rights law also affects human rights treaty bodies. The article first considers the difficulty for a human rights body in determining whether international humanitarian law is applicable; second, it examines the problems in practice in applying the lex specialis doctrine and the question of derogation in this particular context. The author finally outlines the impact of the debate as to the extent of extraterritorial applicability of human rights law

Basic Media Education as part of adult education professionalism development – Reflections on media pedagogical professionalisation of adult educators

Der Beitrag nimmt den Umstand zum Ausgangspunkt, dass die Erwachsenenbildung sich sowohl mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert sieht Erwachsenenbildnerinnen und Erwachsenenbildner bei der Aneignung von medienpädagogisch kompetentem Handeln zu unterstützen, als auch zur Vermittlung medienbezogener Kompetenzen zu befähigen (Schmidt-Hertha et al. 2017, 36). Die Ubiquität von (digitalen) Medien in menschlichen Lebenswelten bedarf dabei keiner besonderen Betonung mehr. Medien sind Teil der Lebenswelt von Erwachsenen und in der Folge zu einem Verantwortungsbereich der Erwachsenenbildung avanciert. Die Befähigung erwachsener Menschen zur Teilhabe an der digitalen Welt kann als Kernaufgabe unter den Bedingungen von Digitalisierung gesehen werden, was voraussetzt, dass professionell tätige Erwachsenenbildnerinnen und Erwachsenenbildner Veränderungsprozesse, die mit dem Phänomen einhergehen, in den Tätigkeits- und Handlungsfeldern aktiv mitgestalten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der professionstheoretische Diskurs in der Erwachsenenbildung als Hintergrundfolie aufgegriffen, um Herausforderungen und Chancen für die medienpädagogische Professionalitätsentwicklung für die Erwachsenenbildung zu skizzieren. Professionalitätsentwicklung wird dabei als lebenslanger Prozess verstanden, der in einem akademischen Studium mit entsprechendem Schwerpunkt angestossen und in der späteren Berufspraxis weiter geformt wird. Es wird ferner ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, der inhaltliche und thematische Dimensionen einer medienpädagogischen Grundbildung für die Erwachsenenbildung skizziert. Deren Integration in Studiengängen der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Teildisziplin erscheint lohnenswert im Hinblick auf die Professionalisierung angehender Erwachsenenbildnerinnen und Erwachsenenbildner.This paper takes into account that adult education is confronted with the challenge of providing adult educators with the appropriation of media-pedagogical competent action as well as the mediation of media-related competencies (Schmidt-Hertha et al., 2017, 36). The ubiquity of (digital) media in human life no longer requires particular emphasis. Media has become an integral part of adult life and subsequently became a responsibility of adult education. The ability of adult learners participation in the digital world can be seen as a core task under the conditions of digitalisation, which requires that professionally active adult educators actively shape change processes that are associated with the phenomenon in the fields of action. Within this paper, the professional-theoretical discourse in adult education is taken into account to outline challenges and opportunities for the pedagogical professionality development for adult education. Professionalism development is understood as a lifelong process, which is stimulated in academic studies with a corresponding focus and further developed in practical fields of action. Furthermore, a proposal is included which outlines contents and thematic dimensions of a basic media education for prospective adult educators. The integration of those dimensions in adult educational study-programs seems worthwhile regarding the professionalisation of prospective adult educators

Model-independent measurement of internal stellar structure in 16 Cygni A and B

We present a method for measuring internal stellar structure based on asteroseismology that we call "inversions for agreement." The method accounts for imprecise estimates of stellar mass and radius as well as the relatively limited oscillation mode sets that are available for distant stars. By construction, the results of the method are independent of stellar models. We apply this method to measure the isothermal sound speeds in the cores of the solar-type stars 16 Cyg A and B using asteroseismic data obtained from Kepler observations. We compare the asteroseismic structure that we deduce against best-fitting evolutionary models and find that the sound speeds in the cores of these stars exceed those of the models.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Mitigating the mass dependence in the Δν\Delta\nu scaling relation of red-giant stars

The masses and radii of solar-like oscillators can be estimated through the asteroseismic scaling relations. These relations provide a direct link between observables, i.e. effective temperature and characteristics of the oscillation spectra, and stellar properties, i.e. mean density and surface gravity (thus mass and radius). These scaling relations are commonly used to characterize large samples of stars. Usually, the Sun is used as a reference from which the structure is scaled. However, for stars that do not have a similar structure as the Sun, using the Sun as a reference introduces systematic errors as large as 10\% in mass and 5\% in radius. Several alternatives for the reference of the scaling relation involving the large frequency separation (typical frequency difference between modes of the same degree and consecutive radial order) have been suggested in the literature. In a previous paper, we presented a reference function with a dependence on both effective temperature and metallicity. The accuracy of predicted masses and radii improved considerably when using reference values calculated from our reference function. However, the residuals indicated that stars on the red-giant branch possess a mass dependence that was not accounted for. Here, we present a reference function for the scaling relation involving the large frequency separation that includes the mass dependence. This new reference function improves the derived masses and radii significantly by removing the systematic differences and mitigates the trend with $\nu_{\rm max}$ (frequency of maximum oscillation power) that exists when using the solar value as a reference.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Asteroseismology of KIC 8263801:Is it a member of NGC 6866 and a red clump star?

We present an asteroseismic analysis of the Kepler light curve of KIC 8263801, a red-giant star in the open cluster NGC 6866 that has previously been reported to be a helium-burning red-clump star. We extracted the frequencies of the radial and quadrupole modes from its frequency power spectrum and determined its properties using a grid of evolutionary models constructed with MESA. The oscillation frequencies were calculated using the GYRE code and the surface term was corrected using the Ball & Gizon(2014) prescription. We find that the star has a mass of $M/M_{\odot} = 1.793\pm 0.072$, age $t=1.48\pm 0.21$ Gyr and radius $R/R_{\odot} = 10.53\pm 0.28$. By analyzing the internal structure of the best-fitting model, we infer the evolutionary status of the star KIC 8263801 as being on the ascending part of the red giant branch, and not on the red clump. This result is verified using a purely asteroseismic diagnostic, the $\epsilon_{c}-\Delta\nu_{c}$ diagram which can distinguish red giant branch stars from red clump stars. Finally, by comparing its age with NGC 6866 ($t=0.65 \pm 0.1$ Gyr) we conclude that KIC 8263801 is not a member of this open cluster