History, current trends and prospects for the development of pro- and prebiotic drugs in Russia and abroad

The gut microbiota is the largest human microbial community, comprising more than 1000 species of various microorganisms. It has been established that these are the gut microorganisms that play a decisive role in maintaining health, participating in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, bile acids and the synthesis of vitamins. It has been shown that changes in the balance in the gut microbiocenosis lead not only to pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, but also increase the risk of developing diseases of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, and cause disturbances in the psycho-emotional state.   To restore, correct and maintain the gut microbiota, probiotic preparations are recommended. In connection with the obvious relevance of the use of probiotics, this review aimed to describe the history of the emergence of the first probiotic products, current trends in the development of the concept of functional foods enriched with probiotics, as well as the prospects for developing probiotic preparations in the Russian Federation and abroad.   This article presents an analysis of the market for probiotic preparations and dietary supplements, as well as functional food products that are produced in the Siberian Federal District. For an objective assessment of the development of the market for probiotic products, a generalization of analytical data from marketing services that monitor the movement of medicines in pharmacy chains and analyze consumer reviews was carried out

Microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis: diversity and clinical and diagnostic significance

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common infectious non-inflammatory disease in women of reproductive age. The key feature of BV is that in the  absence of a specific pathogen, the disease develops against the background of vaginal biotope dysbiosis. According to the opinion of some authors, initially, the main role of BV in the pathogenesis was assigned to the species G. vaginalis. However, using of molecular methods made it possible to significantly expand the range of microorganisms found in women with BV, and to identify Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus spp., Prevotella spp. as the primary causative agents of BV. A number of studies have confirmed the sexual transmission of BV pathogens, with a new sexual partner being significant risk factors for episodic BV, and sexual contact with the same partner without using barrier methods of contraception for recurrent BV. At the same time, BV-associated bacterias  rarely exist as planktonic forms of one species, more often, they thrive in complex polymicrobial communities surrounded by an extracellular matrix, the so-called biofilms. In patients with BV, biofilms are detected in 90% of cases. G. vaginalis and Prevotella bivia are widespread in women with BV and, being the primary colonizers, create a bacterial biofilm, to which secondary colonizers can subsequently join, including A. vaginae, Sneathia spp. and potentially other BVABs. The resistance of bacterias in the biofilm to antimicrobial drugs is 1000 times higher than of planktonic forms, which can lead to chronicity of the infectious process and torpid course of the disease.The aim of this review was analyzing of modern studies on the prevalence, characteristics of opportunistic microorganisms associated with BV, to present their clinical and diagnostic significance and role in the pathogenesis of  diseases

Tools and a web server for data analysis and presentation in microbial ecology

Abstract The methods for data presentation are important in bioinformatics as data processing algorithms. The article describes the software package for the extensive analysis of tables with estimates of bacterial abundance levels in environmental samples. The package was designed to be executed in a distributed hardware environment, with powerful packages in Python in the backend and interactive front-end forms. Most of microbial ecology-specific functionality is implemented by the scikit-bio Python package, together with the other Python packages intended for big data analysis. Interactive visualisation tools are implemented by the D3.js software library, therefore, the software project is named D3b. The package is a suite of tools for the analysis of microbial ecology data implemented as a web-service and as a desktop application. It supports a substantial part of the graphical and analytical descriptions of microbial communities used in scientific publications. Source codes are available at github (sferanchuk/d3b_charts) and the on-line version of the system is accessible at d3b-charts.bri-shur.com

IMMUNOLOGIC MARKER OF INTRANATAL INFECTIONS

The results of the research established determination of immunologic marker for prognosis of intranatal infection. The authors performed a comparative study of the immunity values of women in a risk group for prenatal infection. As it was shown when prenatal infection develops, there is an increase in the content of proinflammatory cytokines in the pregnant woman serum and activation of the ingestion rate. Account the results to devise an algorithm the pregnant woman care

A clinical case of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a premature baby. Observation in the catamnesis

The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the timely diagnosis and treatment of a child with congenital cytomegalovirus infection by the example of a clinical case.Цель исследования - на примере клинического случая продемонстрировать важность мультидисциплинарного подхода в своевременной диагностики и лечении ребенка с врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекцией

ALKALOHALOPHILIC BACTERIA OF THE FAMILY BACILLACEAE IN THE LAKES OF THE BADAIN JARAN DESERT (CHINA)

The Badain Jaran desert is located in the western part of Inner Mongolia (China) in the Alashan Highland. The investigated soda-salt lakes combine high pH (more than 9) and mineralization (up to 400 g/dm3), where conditions for the development of an alkali-halophilic microbial community are created. The purpose of our work was to isolate and study pure alkali-halophilic microorganisms in the lakes of the Badain Jaran desert. From the accumulative cultures of the cortex salt and the microbial mats of the lakes of the Badain Jaran desert, pure cultures belonging to the family Bacillaceae (the phylum Firmicutes) were isolated and described. With the help of biochemical methods, the ecological and physiological properties of the isolated bacteria were determined. The isolated bacteria exhibit the properties of alkalophiles and obligate alkalophiles and develop at pH 7–10.5, the optima ranging from 9 to 10. With respect to the concentration of NaCl, the strains showed the properties of obligate halophiles and extreme halophiles. With respect to temperature, the isolated microorganisms are mesophiles growing at 10–50 °C, the optimal growth being at 30–40 °C. With respect to the substrates used, the isolated cultures are noted for extensive metabolic activity and, when in their natural habitats, are supposedly active participants of the destruction of organic matter. To study the hydrochemical indicators of water, the following methods were used: atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. As a result, it was found that a sodium cation and anions of carbonate, bicarbonate of chlorine and sulphate dominate in the soda-salt lakes of the Badain Jaran desert in a multicomponent composition. The results obtained broaden the notion of the diversity and ecological significance of bacteria in the extreme natural ecosystems of the Badain Jaran desert. The isolated strains are of interest for biotechnology as producers of enzymes resistant to high pH and mineralization

Comorbidity of functional bowel disorders and obesity in terms of microbiome

Bacterial ecosystem of the gut plays a fundamental role in the normal functioning of the metabolic and immune systems. Functional bowel disease and obesity are highly prevalent in the population and place a heavy burden on healthcare system. Both comorbidity and multimorbidity are considered to be common for obesity and intestinal functional disorders. Changes in the microbiota can be both the cause and consequence of each disease: intestinal functional disorder changes the composition of the microbiota, resulting in obesity, and vice versa. Intestinal functional disorders and obesity are characterized by a similar type of dysbiosis.The aim of the review is to analyze the research findings available to date in order to establish the relationship between the gut microbiome, functional bowel disease and obesity. The researches have shown that patients with intestinal functional disorders have a different gut microbiome than healthy individuals. For intestinal functional disorders, the general patterns of the intestinal microbiota composition were described, and the characteristic taxonomic groups of bacteria were identified. On the other side, it must be noted that there is no clear correlation between intestinal functional disorders and obesity in terms of the microbiota. This can be explained by the high heterogeneity of intestinal functional disorders, as well as by the lack of a unified approach to creating a study design, by different sizes of population samples and also by different diagnostic criteria. The necessity to determine the criteria in the development of the design of future studies is discussed

Management control – International Observatory 2014

International audienc

Assessment of the relationship between the vaginal microecosystem in teenage girls with reproductive disorders

Background. Violations of indigenous microflora composition associates with a wide variety of gynecological complications. Thus, the qualitative and quantitative composition of lactobacilli and their associative capacity and functional activity may serve as a criterion of microecological well-being in the body. Aim. To study species diversity of lactobacilli in vaginal biotope teenage girls with gynecological pathologies and to assess the extent of their relationship with the combination of diversity profiles associated opportunistic pathogens. Materials and methods. The study included 107 adolescents with reproductive system disorders. The study was conducted with the use of gynecological and general microbiological methods. Results. It was revealed that in vaginal biocenosis of the studied group of teenage girls dominating lactobacilli were Lactobacillus plantarum and L. crispatus, the incidence of other species did not exceed 21 %. Among the representatives of opportunistic pathogenic microflora dominated coccal microflora and Corynebacterium spp., being the part of normal flora of vaginal mucosa. Analysis of species composition revealed a statistically significant relationship between certain types of lactobacilli and opportunistic microorganisms, i.e. lactobacilli showed no antagonistic activity towards the opportunistic microorganisms, and formed symbiotic relationships with them. Conclusions. Most commonness was found among the minor species of lactobacilli (L. iners, L. gasseri, L. jensenii), coagulase-negative staphylococci and fungi of Candida genus, and that increases the risk of transformation of normal microflora in the pathological one