The role of children\u27s talk in writing development

This study is a \u27snap shot\u27 into the interactions and utterances of developing writers. It provides insight into the usefulness of talk, the need to model and encourage talk in the composing processes of children and also into the factors that impact on such talk making it more or less effective for young writers. The study observed six middle primary school students during the writing of two texts and recorded the accompanying talk. Classroom observations provided insight into the pedagogical and cultural influences within the writing contexts. Writing samples enabled each student\u27s writing development to be analysed and became a point of reference for the analysis of the associated talk. These data were developed into a number of case studies enabling a thick description of the different contexts, each student, the writing activity, the written texts and most importantly the children\u27s talk. The patterns that emerged as the talk was analysed indicated that the students engaged in a variety of talk while composing written texts. The talk of these more developed writers included private speech, conversations with peers, assertive regulatory talk aimed at managing the behaviour of other students to other talk that reflected the instructional discourse of the classroom. Three categories were established from the data analysis, capturing the essence of the talk. The categories describe the talk as \u27Doing Writing\u27, \u27About Writing\u27 and \u27Outside Writing\u27. These categories enabled further analysis which indicated that talk supported the students as they worked through issues of content, form, genre and audience in their writing. Furthermore, some of the talk of these older writers was similar to the talk that emergent writers engage in as they seek to make meaning in the written form. However, important differences indicate that talk continues to be a scaffold for language learning, by enabling more capable writers to begin developing an awareness of audience or how their writing sounds to others. Talk also appears to help more developed writers gain a greater consciousness of the control of form and conventions and to maintain focus in a complicated and multi-faceted cognitive task

Self-Disclosure, Culture and Situational Influence: An Analysis of Interracial Interaction

Diversity is continuously growing throughout college campuses which influence interactions between students from all different backgrounds. Researchers of this study chose to investigate how individuals communicate with those of different racial backgrounds. Specifically, this study explored the communication strategies used during interracial interactions. Participants of the study attend a private faith-based institution, in the Midwestern area of the United States. This study focuses on an individual’s willingness to learn and teach, preferred level of self-disclosure, and communication accommodation as it relates to how one communicates during interracial interaction. Overall, findings revealed individuals are generally comfortable interacting with those of a different cultural background; however, different situations can play a part in how individuals communicate with one another

Trials and Tribulations of Tutorials

Online tutorials have become a regular and important part of library instruction. During the pandemic there was an increase in the number of online tutorials created by libraries, as librarians shifted their approach to working with students. Having to adapt to the increasing changes in digital pedagogy left some librarians at a disadvantage. While some institutions had the resources to adapt quickly, other institutions did not. In order to understand the limitations of tutorial creation, one must understand the “pain points” or the difficulties some institutions and individuals go through in creating tutorials

Consideration of Shared Decision Making in Nursing: A Review of Clinicians’ Perceptions and Interventions

As the number of individuals with chronic illness increases so has the need for strategies to enable nurses to engage them effectively in daily management of their conditions. Shared decision making between patients and nurses is one approach frequently discussed in the literature. This paper reviews recent studies of shared decision making and the meaning of findings for the nurse-patient relationship. Patients likely to prefer to engage in shared decision making are younger and have higher levels of education. However, there is a lack of evidence for the effect of shared decision making on patient outcomes. Further, studies are needed to examine shared decision making when the patient is a child. Nurses are professionally suited to engage their patients fully in treatment plans. More evidence for how shared decision making affects outcomes and how nurses can successfully achieve such engagement is needed

The Different Artificial Sweeteners and Their Effects on Endothelial Cell/Blood Vessel Health: Possible Implications for Ringing in the Ear

Abstract: Background: Tinnitus, a condition whose remarkable symptom is ringing in the ear (RIE), is a problem plaguing people all around the world in varying degrees of severity, though it is most common and severe in older populations. Literature is lacking on its etiology. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose and treat. Several possible components could play a role in the development of tinnitus including neurological, physiological, traumatic, dietary and vascular factors. No factor has yet been definitively linked to the development of tinnitus. Vascular health can be significantly impacted by diet- especially in regard to sugars. As artificial sweeteners are used widely in the American diet, they may play a significant role in vascular health. Objective: This project aims to investigate a possible connection between artificial sugars’ impact on vascular health and complaints of RIE among age groups through a patient survey and laboratory experiments. Methods: A survey assessing individuals’ demographic information, subjective severity of RIE and reported artificial sweetener consumption will be distributed to audiologists’ offices in major Ohio cities, via Qualtrics, where patients will complete them. Data collected will be analyzed for interrelationships among sugar intake, age and severity of RIE. In the laboratory, an ELISA assay will evaluate the effects of artificial sweeteners on endothelial cells- the same cells that comprise blood vessels- through quantifying stimulation of the Tie-2 survival and angiogenesis pathway via the cellular messenger pAKT

Galaxy Clusters in the IRAC Dark Field. II. Mid-Infrared Sources

We present infrared (IR) luminosities, star formation rates (SFR), colors, morphologies, locations, and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) properties of 24 μm detected sources in photometrically detected high-redshift clusters in order to understand the impact of environment on star formation (SF) and AGN evolution in cluster galaxies. We use three newly identified z = 1 clusters selected from the IRAC dark field; the deepest ever mid-IR survey with accompanying, 14 band multiwavelength data including deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging and deep wide-area Spitzer MIPS 24 μm imaging. We find 90 cluster members with MIPS detections within two virial radii of the cluster centers, of which 17 appear to have spectral energy distributions dominated by AGNs and the rest dominated by SF. We find that 43% of the star-forming sample have IR luminosities L_(IR) > 10^(11) L_☉(luminous IR galaxies). The majority of sources (81%) are spirals or irregulars. A large fraction (at least 25%) show obvious signs of interactions. The MIPS-detected member galaxies have varied spatial distributions as compared to the MIPS-undetected members with one of the three clusters showing SF galaxies being preferentially located on the cluster outskirts, while the other two clusters show no such trend. Both the AGN fraction and the summed SFR of cluster galaxies increase from redshift zero to one, at a rate that is a few times faster in clusters than over the same redshift range in the field. Cluster environment does have an effect on the evolution of both AGN fraction and SFR from redshift one to the present, but does not affect the IR luminosities or morphologies of the MIPS sample. SF happens in the same way regardless of environment making MIPS sources look the same in the cluster and field, however the cluster environment does encourage a more rapid evolution with time as compared to the field

The Spectral Energy Distributions of Red 2MASS AGN

We present infrared (IR) to X-ray spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 44 red AGN selected from the 2MASS survey on the basis of their red J-K$_S$ color (>2 mag) and later observed by Chandra. In comparison with optically-, radio-, and X-ray selected AGN, their median SEDs are red in the optical and near-IR with little/no blue bump. It thus seems that near-IR color selection isolates the reddest subset of AGN that can be classified optically. The shape of the SEDs is generally consistent with modest absorption by gas (in the X-ray) and dust (in the optical-IR). The levels of obscuration, estimated from X-rays, far-IR and our detailed optical/near-IR color modeling are all consistent implying N_H < few*10^{22} cm^{-2}. We present SED models that show how the AGN optical/near-IR colors change due to differing amounts of reddening, AGN to host galaxy ratio, redshift and scattered light emission and apply them to the sources in the sample. We find that the 2MASS AGN optical color, B-R, and to a lesser extent the near-IR color, J-K$_S$, are strongly affected by reddening, host galaxy emission, redshift, and in few, highly polarized objects, also by scattered AGN light. The obscuration/inclination of the AGN allows us to see weaker emission components which are generally swamped by the AGN.Comment: 52 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

The Spectral Energy Distributions of Red Two Micron All Sky Survey Active Galactic Nuclei

We present infrared (IR) to X-ray spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 44 red active galactic nuclei (AGNs) selected from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) survey on the basis of their red J − KS color (> 2 mag) and later observed by Chandra. In comparison with optically-, radio-, and X-ray-selected AGNs, their median SEDs are red in the optical and near-IR (NIR) with little/no blue bump. Comparison of the various broadband luminosity ratios shows that the main differences lie at the blue end of the optical and in the NIR to far-IR ratios (when available), with the red 2MASS AGNs being redder than the other samples. It thus seems that NIR color selection isolates the reddest subset of AGNs that can be classified optically. The shape of the SEDs is generally consistent with modest absorption by gas (in the X-ray) and dust (in the optical–IR), as demonstrated by comparing the optical and NIR colors with a reddened median SED and observed optical+NIR to intrinsic X-ray ratios. The levels of obscuration, estimated from X-rays, far-IR, and our detailed optical/NIR color modeling, are all consistent implying NH few × 1022 cm−2. We present SED models that show how the AGN optical/NIR colors change due to differing amounts of reddening, AGN to host galaxy ratio, redshift, and scattered light emission, and apply them to the sources in the sample. We find that the 2MASS AGN optical color, B − R, and to a lesser extent the NIR color, J − KS, are strongly affected by reddening, host galaxy emission, redshift, and in few, highly polarized objects also by scattered AGN light (<2% of intrinsic AGN light in the R band is scattered; this contribution becomes significant as the direct AGN light is absorbed). The lack of low equivalent widths in the distribution of the [O iii] λ5007 emission line implies a predominance of inclined objects in the red 2MASS sample. The obscuration/ inclination of the AGN allows us to see weaker emission components which are generally swamped by the AGN.Astronom