Oxidative stress-driven parvalbumin interneuron impairment as a common mechanism in models of schizophrenia.

Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the etiology across schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, PVI circuits are altered in these psychiatric disorders. Identifying mechanism(s) underlying PVI deficits is essential to establish treatments targeting in particular cognition. On the basis of published and new data, we propose oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to PVI impairment in schizophrenia and some forms of autism. A series of animal models carrying genetic and/or environmental risks relevant to diverse etiological aspects of these disorders show PVI deficits to be all accompanied by oxidative stress in the anterior cingulate cortex. Specifically, oxidative stress is negatively correlated with the integrity of PVIs and the extracellular perineuronal net enwrapping these interneurons. Oxidative stress may result from dysregulation of systems typically affected in schizophrenia, including glutamatergic, dopaminergic, immune and antioxidant signaling. As convergent end point, redox dysregulation has successfully been targeted to protect PVIs with antioxidants/redox regulators across several animal models. This opens up new perspectives for the use of antioxidant treatments to be applied to at-risk individuals, in close temporal proximity to environmental impacts known to induce oxidative stress

Belgian modified classification of Maastricht for donors after circulatory death

BACKGROUND: "Non-heart-beating donors," or, in a more recent and international definition, "donors after circulatory death," are a potential and additional group of deceased persons who are able to add organs to the pool. METHODS: A new classification is proposed on the basis of the result of a consensus of experts issued from all Belgian transplant centers. RESULTS: The first level of definition is simple and based on whether the situation is uncontrolled (categories I and II) or controlled (categories III, IV, and V). In category I, the patient is declared "dead on arrival" and, in category II, there is an "unsuccessful resuscitation" whether it occurred out or in the hospital for both situations. Category III is the most usual situation in which the treating physician and family are "awaiting cardiac arrest" to declare the death of the patient. Category IV is always characterized by "cardiac arrest during brain death." The special situation of the Belgian law allowing the euthanasia is elaborated in category V, "euthanasia," and includes patients who grant access to medically assisted circulatory death. Organ donation after euthanasia is allowed under the scope of donation after circulatory death. CONCLUSIONS: This classification conserves the skeleton of the Maastricht one, as it is simple and clear, but classifies easily the different donors after circulatory death types by processes for ethical issues and for the non-medical or non-specialized reader interested in the field. This is also an argument for public consideration and trust in the difficult field of organ donation.status: publishe

Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

peer reviewedThese recommandations are largely based on the "European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice" proposed by the "Third Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice". The model used to assess the overall risk was adapted for Belgium. Otherwise, very few things were changed from the Exectutive Summary of the European Guidelines

Launching Global Lung Function Initiative reference values in Belgium: tips and tricks.

Pulmonary function tests are pure physiological measurements. Spirometry allows the clinician to label lung diseases as either obstructive or restrictive, the latter requiring confirmation with static lung volume measurements. Transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO) informs the clinician about the gas exchange properties of the respiratory system. A prerequisite to distinguish normal from abnormal data is the availability of accurate reference values as well as their lower and higher limits of normality. Choosing the correct set of reference values is crucial to discriminate health from disease in the individual and will influence any further medical processes. Indeed, results from one given subject may fall within the normal range using one equation while being abnormal using another [1–5]. The availability of accurate reference values is not only important in the diagnostic work-up and management of a single patient, it also leads to a better understanding of the global burden of lung disease, and allows a statistically correct estimation of the degree of impairment and disability in occupational medicine

Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease: Recommendations for the medical practice in Belgium

Journal ArticlePractice Guidelineinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease: recommendations for the medical practice in Belgium.

Journal ArticlePractice Guidelineinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe