Gender Differences in VO2 and HR Kinetics at the Onset of Moderate and Heavy Exercise Intensity in Adolescents

The majority of the studies on VO2 kinetics in pediatric populations investigated gender differences in prepubertal children during submaximal intensity exercise, but studies are lacking in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that gender differences exist in the VO2 and heart rate (HR) kinetic responses to moderate (M) and heavy (H) intensity exercise in adolescents. Twenty-one healthy African-American adolescents (9 males, 15.8 ± 1.1 year; 12 females, 15.7 ± 1 year) performed constant work load exercise on a cycle ergometer at M and H. The VO2 kinetics of the male group was previously analyzed (Lai et al., Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33:107–117, 2008b). For both genders, VO2 and HR kinetics were described with a single exponential at M and a double exponential at H. The fundamental time constant (τ1) of VO2 was significantly higher in female than male at M (45 ± 7 vs. 36 ± 11 sec, P \u3c 0.01) and H (41 ± 8 vs. 29 ± 9 sec, P \u3c 0.01), respectively. The functional gain (G1) was not statistically different between gender at M and statistically higher in females than males at H: 9.7 ± 1.2 versus 10.9 ± 1.3 mL min−1 W−1, respectively. The amplitude of the slow component was not significantly different between genders. The HR kinetics were significantly (τ1, P \u3c 0.01) slower in females than males at M (61 ± 16 sec vs. 45 ± 20 sec, P \u3c 0.01) and H (42 ± 10 sec vs. 30 ± 8 sec, P = 0.03). The G1 of HR was higher in females than males at M: 0.53 ± 0.11 versus 0.98 ± 0.2 bpm W−1 and H: 0.40 ± 0.11 versus 0.73 ± 0.23 bpm W−1, respectively. Gender differences in the VO2 and HR kinetics suggest that oxygen delivery and utilization kinetics of female adolescents differ from those in male adolescents. © 2016 The Authors

Image_2_Nigral transcriptomic profiles in Engrailed-1 hemizygous mouse models of Parkinson’s disease reveal upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes associated with delayed dopaminergic neurodegeneration.TIF

IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, increasing both in terms of prevalence and incidence. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available, highlighting the need to increase knowledge on disease etiology in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. Hemizygosity for the gene Engrailed-1 (En1), encoding a conserved transcription factor essential for the programming, survival, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leads to progressive nigrostriatal degeneration, motor impairment and depressive-like behavior in SwissOF1 (OF1-En1+/−). The neurodegenerative phenotype is, however, absent in C57Bl/6j (C57-En1+/−) mice. En1+/− mice are thus highly relevant tools to identify genetic factors underlying PD susceptibility.MethodsTranscriptome profiles were defined by RNAseq in microdissected substantia nigra from 1-week old OF1, OF1- En1+/−, C57 and C57- En1+/− male mice. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed for functional enrichment. Neurodegeneration was assessed in 4- and 16-week old mice by histology.ResultsNigrostriatal neurodegeneration was manifested in OF1- En1+/− mice by increased dopaminergic striatal axonal swellings from 4 to 16 weeks and decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc at 16 weeks compared to OF1. In contrast, C57- En1+/− mice had no significant increase in axonal swellings or cell loss in SNpc at 16 weeks. Transcriptomic analyses identified 198 DEGs between OF1- En1+/− and OF1 mice but only 52 DEGs between C57- En1+/− and C57 mice. Enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the neuroprotective phenotype of C57- En1+/− mice was associated with a higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes compared to both C57 and OF1- En1+/− mice.DiscussionOur results suggest that increased expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins before the onset of neurodegeneration is associated with increased resistance to PD-like nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. This highlights the importance of genetic background in PD models, how different strains can be used to model clinical and sub-clinical pathologies and provides insights to gene expression mechanisms associated with PD susceptibility and progression.</p

Table_1_Nigral transcriptomic profiles in Engrailed-1 hemizygous mouse models of Parkinson’s disease reveal upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes associated with delayed dopaminergic neurodegeneration.XLSX

IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, increasing both in terms of prevalence and incidence. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available, highlighting the need to increase knowledge on disease etiology in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. Hemizygosity for the gene Engrailed-1 (En1), encoding a conserved transcription factor essential for the programming, survival, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leads to progressive nigrostriatal degeneration, motor impairment and depressive-like behavior in SwissOF1 (OF1-En1+/−). The neurodegenerative phenotype is, however, absent in C57Bl/6j (C57-En1+/−) mice. En1+/− mice are thus highly relevant tools to identify genetic factors underlying PD susceptibility.MethodsTranscriptome profiles were defined by RNAseq in microdissected substantia nigra from 1-week old OF1, OF1- En1+/−, C57 and C57- En1+/− male mice. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed for functional enrichment. Neurodegeneration was assessed in 4- and 16-week old mice by histology.ResultsNigrostriatal neurodegeneration was manifested in OF1- En1+/− mice by increased dopaminergic striatal axonal swellings from 4 to 16 weeks and decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc at 16 weeks compared to OF1. In contrast, C57- En1+/− mice had no significant increase in axonal swellings or cell loss in SNpc at 16 weeks. Transcriptomic analyses identified 198 DEGs between OF1- En1+/− and OF1 mice but only 52 DEGs between C57- En1+/− and C57 mice. Enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the neuroprotective phenotype of C57- En1+/− mice was associated with a higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes compared to both C57 and OF1- En1+/− mice.DiscussionOur results suggest that increased expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins before the onset of neurodegeneration is associated with increased resistance to PD-like nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. This highlights the importance of genetic background in PD models, how different strains can be used to model clinical and sub-clinical pathologies and provides insights to gene expression mechanisms associated with PD susceptibility and progression.</p

Table_2_Nigral transcriptomic profiles in Engrailed-1 hemizygous mouse models of Parkinson’s disease reveal upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes associated with delayed dopaminergic neurodegeneration.XLSX

IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, increasing both in terms of prevalence and incidence. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available, highlighting the need to increase knowledge on disease etiology in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. Hemizygosity for the gene Engrailed-1 (En1), encoding a conserved transcription factor essential for the programming, survival, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leads to progressive nigrostriatal degeneration, motor impairment and depressive-like behavior in SwissOF1 (OF1-En1+/−). The neurodegenerative phenotype is, however, absent in C57Bl/6j (C57-En1+/−) mice. En1+/− mice are thus highly relevant tools to identify genetic factors underlying PD susceptibility.MethodsTranscriptome profiles were defined by RNAseq in microdissected substantia nigra from 1-week old OF1, OF1- En1+/−, C57 and C57- En1+/− male mice. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed for functional enrichment. Neurodegeneration was assessed in 4- and 16-week old mice by histology.ResultsNigrostriatal neurodegeneration was manifested in OF1- En1+/− mice by increased dopaminergic striatal axonal swellings from 4 to 16 weeks and decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc at 16 weeks compared to OF1. In contrast, C57- En1+/− mice had no significant increase in axonal swellings or cell loss in SNpc at 16 weeks. Transcriptomic analyses identified 198 DEGs between OF1- En1+/− and OF1 mice but only 52 DEGs between C57- En1+/− and C57 mice. Enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the neuroprotective phenotype of C57- En1+/− mice was associated with a higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes compared to both C57 and OF1- En1+/− mice.DiscussionOur results suggest that increased expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins before the onset of neurodegeneration is associated with increased resistance to PD-like nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. This highlights the importance of genetic background in PD models, how different strains can be used to model clinical and sub-clinical pathologies and provides insights to gene expression mechanisms associated with PD susceptibility and progression.</p

Image_1_Nigral transcriptomic profiles in Engrailed-1 hemizygous mouse models of Parkinson’s disease reveal upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes associated with delayed dopaminergic neurodegeneration.TIF

IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, increasing both in terms of prevalence and incidence. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available, highlighting the need to increase knowledge on disease etiology in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. Hemizygosity for the gene Engrailed-1 (En1), encoding a conserved transcription factor essential for the programming, survival, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leads to progressive nigrostriatal degeneration, motor impairment and depressive-like behavior in SwissOF1 (OF1-En1+/−). The neurodegenerative phenotype is, however, absent in C57Bl/6j (C57-En1+/−) mice. En1+/− mice are thus highly relevant tools to identify genetic factors underlying PD susceptibility.MethodsTranscriptome profiles were defined by RNAseq in microdissected substantia nigra from 1-week old OF1, OF1- En1+/−, C57 and C57- En1+/− male mice. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed for functional enrichment. Neurodegeneration was assessed in 4- and 16-week old mice by histology.ResultsNigrostriatal neurodegeneration was manifested in OF1- En1+/− mice by increased dopaminergic striatal axonal swellings from 4 to 16 weeks and decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc at 16 weeks compared to OF1. In contrast, C57- En1+/− mice had no significant increase in axonal swellings or cell loss in SNpc at 16 weeks. Transcriptomic analyses identified 198 DEGs between OF1- En1+/− and OF1 mice but only 52 DEGs between C57- En1+/− and C57 mice. Enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the neuroprotective phenotype of C57- En1+/− mice was associated with a higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes compared to both C57 and OF1- En1+/− mice.DiscussionOur results suggest that increased expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins before the onset of neurodegeneration is associated with increased resistance to PD-like nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. This highlights the importance of genetic background in PD models, how different strains can be used to model clinical and sub-clinical pathologies and provides insights to gene expression mechanisms associated with PD susceptibility and progression.</p