Estimation of Average Monthly Total Solar Radiation on a Horizontal Surface for the Central Anatolia Region: Example of Sivas Province

In this study, in order to determine the solar energy potential in the Central Anatolia Region, the total solar radiation on the horizontal plane was evaluated with trigonometric functions (Models). During 1999-2019 in the region, monthly average values of total daily solar radiation coming to the horizontal plane was calculated with six different models. It was also compared with the values measured in the same time interval. Model 1 (Angstrom-Prescott-Page), Model 2 (Soler, Rietveld), Model 3 (Kılıc and Ozturk), Model 4 (Akinoglu and Ecevit), Model 5 (Bahel) and Model 6 (Louche) were used in the calculations. Regression coefficients were calculated for these models and the coefficients were used in the estimation of total solar radiation (SR). From these models, Model 2 and Model 3 regression values for many provinces in the Central Anatolia Region (CAR) are higher than other models. Model 3 (Kılıc and Ozturk) with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.986 showed the best predictive performance among the models examined. This model was compared to other models and the mean error of deviation (MBE) was found to be -0.060 and the root mean square error (RMSE) 0.707. However, considering the total SR, annual sunshine duration (SD) and average temperature, Model 4 (Akinoglu and Ecevit) showed the best predictive performance which indicates that it will be a suitable model for Sivas Province

Wind Energy and Assessment of Wind Energy Potential in Turkey: A Case of Study from Sinop Province

Due to the emerging needs in parallel with the developing technology and industrialization, the importance of renewable energy sources is increasing with the decrease of usable fossil resources and the ever-increasing need for energy. For this reason, solutions are sought to provide the energy needed in a timely, sufficient, and reliable manner. Wind energy has the greatest potential and usage area among renewable energy sources. The wind, which has advantages such as clean, fast commissioning, reliability, and being independent of fuel, is considered a good example of a clean energy source with these features. In this study, the production potential of electrical energy from wind energy was investigated by using wind data for Sinop province. Wind energy potential on the availability of wind energy systems suitable for its natural structure for Sinop province; Visual Basic 6.0 was determined using the computer package program. In the study, hourly wind data were used and analyzes were made for suitable wind energy systems. In addition, for a possible WPPs, analysis has been made and evaluated considering the current data; The availability of wind energy in Sinop province has been tried to be revealed

Drying of spice red chili pepper in polyethylene high tunnel hothouse.

TEZ8186Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2010.Kaynakça (s. 115-123) var.xv, 159 s. : res., çizelge ; 29 cm.In this study a farm scale polyethylene high tunnel hothouse placed in Kahramanmaraş was used to dry spice red chili pepper. For drying purpose first the green stem and core were removed manually and the material was split into two pieces. Drying facilities in greenhouse consists of five rows of shelves spaced 30 cm in vertical direction. The fleshes of red chili peppers were homogeneously spread on the shelves as a thin layer by a density of 2, 3, 4 and 5 kg/m2, respectively. Drying was continued until the crop mass on trays decreases until one fifth. As a result it was found that the drying rate in the first period of drying was very fast in hothouse where the physical bound moisture was removed. This period corresponds to the first five to six hours of drying. The fastest drying was obtained between 10 and 15 hours where the air temperature in hothouse rises till to 55-65 oC during the day. In terms of drying time solar dried red chili pepper was dried few hours shorter than that in sun dried crop. The main advantage of hothouse is the drying of red chili pepper in clean, sealed atmosphere where the risk of infestation could be easily eliminated. Another important advantage of hothouse is the temperature increase till to 60 oC. This temperature rise will certainly contribute to disinfection of storage pests of red chili pepper. To improve the efficiency of solar collector and to distribute the air homogeneously in hothouse will certainly contribute the drying process and capacity. The experiences gained from this research should be supported by management skills in practice.Kahramanmaraş'ta yürütülen bu çalışmada işletme ölçeğinde polietilen yüksek tünel bir serada baharatlık kırmızıbiberin kurutulması araştırılmıştır. Denemede kullanılan kırmızıbiber sapı çekilip, ikiye ayrılarak, tohum yuvası temizlendikten sonra kurutulmuştur. Kurutulan materyal düşey yönde 30 cm aralıklarla dizilmiş olan raflara 2, 3, 4 ve 5 kg/m2 yoğunluklarda serilmiştir. Kurutmaya raflara serilen materyalin kütlesinde beşte birlik bir azalma sağlanıncaya kadar devam edilmiştir. Ürüne fiziksel bağlı suyun uzaklaştırıldığı ilk kuruma evresinde sera içinde daha hızlı bir kuruma sağlanmıştır. Bu süre kurumanın ilk beş ile altı saatlik bölümüne denk gelir. Gün içinde en hızlı kuruma 10 ile 15 saatleri arasında gerçekleşmekte ve ortam sıcaklığı 55-65 oC'ye kadar yükselmektedir. Kuruma süresi açısından serada kurutulan kırmızıbiber, dış ortamda doğrudan güneş altında kurutulan ürüne göre birkaç saat daha kısa sürede kurumaktadır. Serada kurutulan ürünün en önemli üstünlüğü; dış ortamdan yalıtılmış bir ortamda temiz olarak kurutulmuş olmasıdır. Bu yolla dış ortamdan kaynaklanan her türlü bulaşma olasılığı ortadan kaldırılmış olur. Serada yapılan kurutmanın diğer önemli bir üstünlüğüde iç ortamda sıcaklığın 60 oC'ye kadar yükselmesidir. Bu sıcaklık yükselmesi kırmızıbiber depolama zararlılarının dezenfeksiyonuna önemli bir katkı sağlar. Teknik olarak ısı toplama biriminin veriminin arttırılması, sera içinde daha tekdüze hava dağılımının ve ısı korunumunun sağlanması kurutma sürecine ve kapasiteye olumlu etki yapması beklenir. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçların uygulamada iyi bir işletme yönetimi ile desteklenmesi uygun olur

A Study On The Use Of Technology In Educational Establishments And Its Effects

Abstract As it is known, societies are changing fast nowadays. These changes come along with developments in technology and communication. When it is thought that traditional approaches are insufficient to get over the difficulties in solving the problems in education, then the best approach today is the effectual use of information technologies. The fast development of technology has enabled us to create new teaching techniques that can be applied in universities, primary and secondary educational establishments. The purpose of this study is to discuss the relations of educational establishments to technology

Buğday ekilişlerinde uçakla granül gübre uygulamaları üzerine bir araştırma

TEZ2197Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1996.Kaynakça (s. 54-58) var.vii, 60 s. ; 30 cm.…Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir

Red chili pepper drying by farm scale Hothouse

*Yelmen, Bekir ( Aksaray, Yazar )In this study a farm scale plastic high tunnel hothouse dryer was investigated to dry red chili pepper grown in southeastern Anatolian region. Hothouse dryer was installed in Kahramanmaraş where this crop is intensively cultivated. For drying purpose the green stem was removed manually and then material was split into two pieces. The core of seed was also removed. The fleshes of red chili peppers were placed on the shelf as a thin layer by a density of 2 kg/m2. In this study the lost of moisture from crop and color change were measured. For first and second harvested red chili peppers drying duration varied between 26 and 27 hours. As the control sun-dried chili peppers was placed by 50 cm height from the ground in outside. The moisture loss from solar dried chili peppers was 2 to 4% higher than that of ^sun-dried variant. Although the drying time of solar and sun dried crops was similar, it is expected that the solar dried crops would resulted in higher food quality and safety. Thus the color of solar dried chili was much shining red in compare to sun-dried variant. Hothouse dryers have been already tested for different crops in laboratory scale. However, the implementation of farm scale hothouse dryer by using national and international funds would be a proper strategy to provide more information regarding to marketing advantages and management experiences on this issue...

Estimation of greenhouse heating requirements using artifical neural networks

Yelmen, Bekir (Aksaray, Yazar)In this study by taking into account the latitude, longitude, height, months and mean temperature data of the city and districts of Adana, the heating need for unit base and surface zone is determined. In the model of artificial neural nets the heating need for the green house which is longitude, latitude, height and means temperature data is used as entry layer and the need for heater need is used as exit layer. Of the data belonging to Adana Province and 7 districts; 6 district education data, Adana Seyhan and yüreğir district are- used as test data in artificial neural net model. The data has been tested by using Levenberg-Marquardt algoritm and an estimate (R2) of value from an average of 99% has been found. The average of quadric error square root value is 0.0533 in average and is 0.0021 for education data. The mean absolute error for test data is 0.0485 and 0.0015 for education data. In conclusion, this study focused on the successful estimate of green house heater need by using the model of artificial neural nets. Konu Alanı

Total for the horizontal surface of the city of Konya solar radiation comparison of predicted and test values

In design of solar energy systems, solar radiation data's accuracy is very important. When we survey present studies in literature, because of the expensiveness of system installations that measure solar radiation and sunshine duration, it appears that relations are developed for the area where there will be study by using measured values at the nearest area to chosen area. The most known and commonly used of these formulas is Angstrom formula. Received instantaneous, hourly and daily solar radiation values in the earth surface are measured in some meteorological stations. Furthermore, at some of our areas these measurements still can not be performed. Received instantaneous, hourly and daily solar radiation values in the earth surface can be measured with the help of relations which are developed for solar energy applications at these areas. In this study, total solar radiation change measured by DMI (State Meteorological Services) for the estimation of monthly average daily solar radiation in Konya province has been researched. Based on the measured values, statistical analysis of the calculation methods that are used in monthly average total solar radiation and sunshine duration has been done. Root mean-square error (RMSE), for performance assessment of equation, has been compared by mean bias error (MBE) and t-statistic methods. By comparing measured and obtained values from equations, the right equation has been found

Biomass potential of Turkey and energy production applications

WOS: 000378708300006The fact that fossil-based energy sources will run out requires the efficient use of the existing sources and as well as more effective and widespread use of renewable energy sources. The use of organic waste, which has a significant place among renewable energy resources, gains importance in terms of environment and energy optimization in sustainable development models. One of the renewable energy resources is biogas. In the countries where biogas technology is common, energy is produced by processing all kinds of organic waste in the biogas production facilities. Besides energy production, land, water, and air pollution caused by the waste is reduced to minimum. On the other hand, organic waste from the facilities is used as fertilizer in the vegetable production. In this research, biomass potential, which has an important and different place among renewable energy sources in terms of its existing potential and production technologies, is studied. Animal and vegetable-based waste and the equivalent energy potential of the biogas that can be produced out of these wastes have been identified. In this study, the average amount of dry biomass produced in Turkey in a year and the average heating value of the dry biomass have been calculated. In addition, suggestions have been made for taking advantage of the biomass potential efficiently and extensively. Turkey is rich in biomass and has adequate facilities and environmental conditions in terms of the development of this resource. In order to reduce the dependence of Turkey on foreign energy, transition to energy forestry and energy agriculture, development of obtaining biofuel from them and wastes, and biogas obtained from fertilizers, waste and garbage are required to be given importance

Influence of temperature changes in various regions of Turkey on powers of photovoltaic solar panels

Renewable sources of energy, which are significant alternatives for every nonrenewable energy sources, can be converted to electric energy by productive rotations. Although Turkey is the country that has pretty high solar energy potential when compared to samples in the world, it has facilities still remarkably below required structuring. Demand for solar energy applications that is included in renewable sources of energy is increasing gradually. In Turkey, according to results received by the averages of long periods, approximately 2.68% power loss has been substantiated in powers of photovoltaic panel. Here, it is obviously observed that the East Anatolian region is the most convenient district for panel powers of environmental temperature averages. Turkey is involved in between countries that may take advantage from solar energy and annual average sunshine duration is 2,640 hours in the country. A heat factor occurs by the absorption of sun beams, which comes to solar panels and affects the power of the panels. In this study, the influence of losses occurring from temperature differences in various regions of Turkey on power of photovoltaic solar panels has been examined and proposals have been progressed in order to reduce losses down to a minimum in electrical systems to be established for this aim