A Review on The Development, Production Strategies, and Utilization of Monoclonal Antibodies

Over the last 20 years, monoclonal antibodies have become the backbone of biological therapeutics for the treatment and diagnosis of several diseases. The rising incidence of cancer and other immunologic diseases promoted the increasing investments of the global pharmaceutical industry in monoclonal antibody development. The R&D has focused on the highest efficacy which is majorly correlated with the antigen-binding specificity and the lowest immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies. This review aims to provide a brief description and explanation of each stage in the development path of mAbs

Difference Between Left-Sided and Right-Sided Colorectal Cancer: A Focused Review of Literature

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with a high mortality rate at the advanced stages. However, colorectal cancer is not a single type of tumor; its pathogenesis depends on the anatomical location of the tumor and differs between right side and left side of the colon. Tumors in the proximal colon (right side) and distal colon (left side) exhibit different molecular characteristics and histology. In the right-sided tumors, mutations in the DNA mismatch repair pathway are commonly observed; and these tumors generally have a flat histology. In the left-sided tumors, chromosomal instability pathway-related mutations, such as KRAS, APC, PIK3CA, p53 mutations are observed and these tumors demonstrate polypoid-like morphology. Therapy responses are totally different between these tumor entities. Left-sided colorectal cancer (LCRC) patients benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapies such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based regimes, and targeted therapies such as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy, and have a better prognosis. Right-sided colorectal cancer (RCRC) patients do not respond well to conventional chemotherapies, but demonstrate more promising results with immunotherapies because these tumors have high antigenic load. For the development of effective therapy regimes and better treatment options, it is essential to evaluate right-sided and left-sided tumors as separate entities, and design the therapy regime considering the differences between these tumors

Cadmium in bone cement induces necrosis and decreases the viability of residual osteosarcoma cells: A xenograft study

Objective: The aim of this study was to show whether local application of cadmium-impregnated bone cement can induce apoptosis and decrease the viability of residual osteosarcoma (OS) cells in nude mice

Cadmium in bone cement induces necrosis and decreases the viability of residual osteosarcoma cells: A xenograft study

Objective: The aim of this study was to show whether local application of cadmium-impregnated bone cement can induce apoptosis and decrease the viability of residual osteosarcoma (OS) cells in nude mice