Effect of Lead Pollution Control on Environmental and Childhood Blood Lead Level in Nantong, China: An Interventional Study

Children’s blood lead levels and prevalence of lead poisoning in China are significantly higher than in developed countries, though a substantial decrease has been observed. Since 2011, strict lead control policies in lead-related industries have been implemented in China, but the success of these policies is unknown. In this study, we collected environmental samples, questionnaire data, and blood samples from 106 children from 1 to 14 years old, before and after implementation of lead-usage control policy in wire rope factories by local government in Zhuhang, Nantong in 2012. Results showed that, one year after the lead control, lead concentrations sharply decreased in both environmental and biological samples with a decrease of 0.43 μg/m³ (−84.3%) in ambient air samples, 0.22 mg/kg (−36.1%) in vegetable samples, 441.1 mg/kg (−43.7%) in dust samples, and 6.24 μg/dL (−51.5%) in childhood blood lead levels (BLL). This study demonstrates the success of lead control policies in promoting the prevention and control of childhood lead poisoning in Nantong, China

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Comparison of CTO-375 EC with A) IMPROVE-550 ECR, B) IMPROVE-550 ECT, C) STN60 ECR, and D) STN60 ECT.

<p>The relationship between CTO-375 EC and IMPROVE soot (EC2+EC3 by IMPROVE-550) for E) all dust and soil samples as well as F) those excluding two samples (red circles in E) with high EC1 are also presented. All concentrations are in mg g^-1. Robust linear regression was used for all the analyses.</p

Determining Particulate Matter and Black Carbon Exfiltration Estimates for Traditional Cookstove Use in Rural Nepalese Village Households

A majority of black carbon (BC) emitted to the atmosphere in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region is from burning biomass fuel used in traditional, open-design cookstoves. However, BC and particulate matter (PM) household emissions are not well characterized. Household emission information is needed to develop emission profiles to validate regional climate change models and serve as a baseline for assessing the impact of adopting improved stove technology. This paper presents field-based household PM and BC exfiltration (amount exiting) estimates from village homes in rural Nepal that utilize traditional, open-design cookstoves. Use of these stoves resulted in a 26% mean PM exfiltration, ranging from 6% to 58%. This is a significant departure from an 80% estimate cited in previous reports. Furthermore, having a window/door resulted in an 11% increase in exfiltration when an opening was present, while fuel type had a marginally significant impact on emission. Air-exchange rates (AER) were determined with average (95% CI) AER of 12 (10–14) per hour, consistent with previous studies. In addition, BC to PM_2.5 mass-ratio composition during cooking was ascertained, with an average (95% CI) of 31% (24–39), agreeing with previous biomass fuel emission composition literature

Prenatal PAH decreased DNA methylation in PPAR γ promoter at CpG⁻³⁰³, CpG⁻¹⁹⁵ and CpG⁻¹⁸⁹ in F2 grand-offspring inguinal WAT.

<p>Data shown were derived from measures in inguinal WAT (n = 8 female and n = 9 males following PAH or control exposure) and interscapular BAT (n = 8 female and n = 9 male following PAH or control exposure) at PND60. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Mann Whitney U: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 vs. the control group.</p

Relative fat composition of inguinal WAT and interscapular BAT at PND 60 in F2 grand-offspring.

<p>Relative fat composition of inguinal WAT and interscapular BAT at PND 60 in F2 grand-offspring.</p

PPAR γ promoter methylation and gene expression in inguinal WAT negatively correlated in F1 offspring.

<p>Spearman correlations were conducted on paired PPAR γ promoter methylation (levels average at all 3 sites in promoter) and gene expression levels (r  = −0.56, n = 21 in PAH plus n = 17 in controls, p = 0.002).</p

Laser signal changes, i.e., ∆R_min and ∆T_min (the minimum R and T minus the corresponding initial R and T) among the four different protocols (IMPROVE-550 vs. IMPROVE-675 in (A)-(B) and STN60 vs. STN120 in (C)-(D)), which serve as indicators for the degree of pyrolysis.

<p>UD stands for urban dust and S stands for soil. See supplement <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083462#pone.0083462.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083462#pone.0083462.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a> for sample IDs.</p

Greater prenatal PAH exposure is associated with increased adipocyte size in F2 grand-offspring.

<p>(A). Frequency distribution of adipocyte cell surface area for inguinal WAT following prenatal PAH vs. negative control exposure. (B). Mean surface area of adipocytes of approximately 30 cells were averaged for each grand-offspring mouse at PND60 and compared. Lines represent ± one SD. Mann Whitney U, * p<0.05.</p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Effect of personal exposure to black carbon on changes in allergic asthma gene methylation measured 5 days later in urban children: importance of allergic sensitization

Conserved promoter regions. Black lines mark loci that are conserved between human and mouse in the promoter region of IL4, IFNγ, and ARG2. White areas are not conserved. Conserved regions were identified using Standard Nucleotide BLAST (blastn for more dissimilar regions; https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi.) for the 400 nucleotides upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS) in the human sequence. The NOS2A promoter region under investigation is not conserved between mice and human. Figure S2: Schematic demonstration of collected measures. Numbers in the box represent the number of participants. N:n = number of repeat subjects: number of observations. Grey dotted box indicates two measures (both time 1 and time 2, 6 months apart) available and white box only one measure (Time 1) available. N = 10 participants dropped due to invalid personal or residential air pollution measures. N = 17 participants were further excluded from the analysis due to missing total IgE (N = 16) and invalid DNA methylation due to technical failures in the laboratory (N = 1), resulting in N = 136 of the final sample size. Figure S3: Correlations between day 1 and day 6 buccal cell DNA methylations of (a) IL4 (CpG−326,CpG−48, (b) IFNγ (CpG−186,CpG−54), and (c) NOS2A (CpG+5099, CpG+5106) and (d) ARG2 (average methylation of CpG−32, CpG−30, and CpG−26), Spearman correlation coefficient presented. (DOCX 466 kb