Disease and pest management in apple: Farmers' perception and adoption in J&K state

Diseases and pests are one of the limiting factors for low productivity of the fruit crops in Kashmir valley, India. A study on management of resources with respect to disease and pest management of apple and extent of adoption of recommended plant protection technology was undertaken for increasing apple production in Kashmir valley of J and K State. District Baramulla was selected purposively on the basis of maximum area and production under apple crop. A sample size of 200 apple growers 50 each from 4 villages were selected randomly. The study revealed that the perception index regarding attributes of technology recommended in two diseases viz. San Jose Scale and Apple Scab was 68.88% and 80.76% in respect of profitability (83.97%), simplicity-complexity each 63.57% and 54.27 % for practicability attributes of technology. The data further showed that the farmers adoption level under Chemical control was high at silver tip to green tip stage (80%) and fruit let pea size stage (78%) and medium adoption was observed at pink bloom (bud) stage (74%), petal fall stage (74%) walnut size apple stage (70%) on Apple Scab similarly, the extent of adoption was low (45%) for mechanical and no chemical control measures under clean cultivation. In case of San Jose Scale the farmers adoption level regarding name of chemical, its dose, quantity of water required per acre for preparing spray solution and time of spray at late dormant spray, (feb, March) was high (80%). The findings will help to improve the level of farmers’ knowledge to increase apple production in Kashmir valley

Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Maintenance of Quality in Apple

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality of 'Red Delicious' and 'Golden Delicious' apples. Freshly harvested fruits were wiped clean and (25 μm thick) with varying number of perforations and stored in cardboard boxes at ambient temperature. 'Golden Delicious' showed higher incidence of bitter pit as compared to 'Red Delicious' apples. MAP proved effective in controlling the bitter pit disorder and in maintenance of quality. The least incidence of bitter pit in 'Golden Delicious' was recorded with T4 (30 x 2 mm perforation) and T3 (20 x 2 mm) treatment in 'Red Delicious' apples. However, MAP retained more freshness in 'Golden Delicious' than in 'Red Delicious'

Oksidacijski stres, hematološko-biokemijski nalaz, elementi u tragovima i vitamini u pasa s cinkom izlječivom dermatozom.

The aim of this study was to examine the hemato-biochemical alterations and evaluate the oxidative stress indices in the blood of dogs with zinc responsive dermatosis. The study included 9 dogs with clinically established diagnosis of zinc responsive dermatosis and 6 dogs as a healthy control. The clinical disease was characterized by alopecia, erythema, hyperkeratotic foot pads and scaling around the eyes, chin, eyes, head and legs. The MDA levels were significantly (P<0.01) higher, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were significantly (P<0.01) lower when compared to healthy control dogs. Hematology revealed significant neutrophilia and lymphopenia, along with anemia. Biochemical examination revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in albumin, A:G ratio and glucose levels, and a significant increase (P<0.05) in globulin level. Plasma zinc, vitamin A and C were significantly decreased, however copper levels were increased. In conclusion, zinc responsive dermatosis is accompanied by oxidative stress and anemia, and affected animals are susceptible to infection.Istraživanje je provedeno radi određivanja hematološko-biokemijskih poremećaja i prosudbe pokazatelja oksidacijskog stresa u krvi pasa s cinkom izlječivom dermatozom. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno devet pasa s kliničkom dijagnozom dermatoze izlječive cinkom i šest zdravih kontrolnih pasa. Klinički se bolest očitovala alopecijom, eritemom, hiperkeratozom mekuši, ljuštenjem oko očiju, po bradi, glavi i nogama. Razine malondialdehida bile su značajno veće (P<0,01), dok je aktivnost superoksidne dismutaze i katalaze bila značajno manja (P<0,01) u usporedbi sa zdravom kontrolnom skupinom pasa. Hematološki nalazi pokazali su znatnu neutrofiliju, limfopeniju i anemiju. Biokemijskom pretragom ustanovljen je značajan pad koncentracije albumina (P<0,05), omjera A:G i razine glukoze te značajno povećanje razine globulina (P<0,05). Cink u plazmi, vitamin A i C bili su značajno smanjeni dok su razine bakra bile povećane. Zaključuje se da je dermatoza izlječiva cinkom također popraćena oksidacijskim stresom, anemijom, a zahvaćene životinje osjetljivije su na infekciju

ГІСТОПАТОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПРОФІЛЬ НЕЙРОЕНДОКРИННИХ ПУХЛИН ШЛУНКОВО-КИШКОВОГО ТРАКТУ В МЕДИЧНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ ТРЕТИННОГО РІВНЯ

Background. Recently there has been a lot of discussion about the terminology and classification of neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. The WHO has recommended a change of terminology and classification of these tumours. In 2019 a significant update was done in the WHO classification of neuroendocrine tumours of GIT in which neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are all considered high-grade tumours. Previously, grade 1 and 2 tumours were regarded as neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and grade 3 neoplasms as NECs. The new classification avoids confusion between these two clinically and molecularly distinct notions. Objective. The aim of the research was to study GI neuroendocrine neoplasms and classify them as per location and Histopathological classification of GI neuroendocrine neoplasms according to the recent WHO classification. To use IHC whenever and wherever required for categorization of GI NET’s. Methods. Over a period of 15 years, a total of 85 cases of neuroendocrine neoplasms of GIT were studied. The histopathological material of patients was reviewed and histopathological diagnosis confirmed. Paraffin embedded tissue blocks were used to study and review the material. Sections from tissue blocks were stained. Five-micron sections were cut and stained. The sections were stained using DAKO LSAB-2® system HRP glass slides coated with 0.5% poly-lysine. Results. Out of 85 cases 40 involved male and 45 female patients. The mean age was 46.4 years; age range 9-85 years. In our study, appendix 24 (28.23%) and stomach 11 (12.95%) were the commonest sites of primary involvement followed by colon (10), ileum (10), duodenum (5), GE junction (5), jejunum (3), oesophagus (2), rectum (2) and gall bladder (1). Metastasis to the liver were observed in 12 patients with known and unknown primary diagnosis. Based on the latest WHO classification 5 patients were classified under NECs and the rest under NETs. Conclusions. Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are uncommon malignancies of GIT. Appendix followed by stomach was the most common anatomical site. NET Grade 1 was the most common histological type. IHC markers NSE, Synaptophysin and Chromogranin can be used in diagnosis of NETs.Вступ. Останнім часом ведеться багато дискусій щодо термінології та класифікації нейро­ендокринних пухлин шлунково-кишкового тракту. ВООЗ рекомендувала змінити термінологію та класифікацію цих пухлин. У 2019 році було внесено значне оновлення в класифікацію ВООЗ нейроендокринних пухлин шлунково-кишкового тракту, в якій усі нейроендокринні карциноми (NEC) вважаються новоутвореннями високого ступеня тяжкості. Раніше пухлини 1 і 2 ступеня вважалися нейро­ендокринними пухлинами (NET), а новоутворення 3 ступеня – NEC. Нова класифікація дозволяє уникнути плутанини між цими двома патологіями різними на клінічному та молекулярному рівнях. Мета. Вивчити нейроендокринні новоутворення шлунково-кишкового тракту та класифікувати їх за локалізацією та гістопатологічною класифікацією нейроендокринних новоутворень шлунково-кишкового тракту за останньою класифікацією ВООЗ. Для категоризації нейроендокринних новоутворень шлунково-кишкового тракту використовували імуногістохімічний метод. Методи. Протягом 15 років досліджено 85 випадків нейроендокринних новоутворень ШКТ. Вивчався гістопатологічний матеріал пацієнтів та підтверджувався гістопатологічний діагноз. Для вивчення та перегляду матеріалу використовувалися тканинні блоки просочені парафіном. Зрізи товщиною 5 мікронів фарбували на предметному склі покритому 0,5% полілізином за допомогою системи HRP DAKO LSAB-2®. Результати. З 85 випадків 40 були чоловіками та 45 жінками. Середній вік становив 46,4 року; віковий діапазон 9-85 років. У нашому дослідженні апендикс 24 (28,23%) і шлунок 11 (12,95%) були найчастішими місцями первинного ураження, за ними слідували товста кишка (10), клубова кишка (10), дванадцятипала кишка (5), гастроезофагальне з'єднання (5), тонка кишка (3), стравохід (2), пряму кишку (2) і жовчний міхур (1). У 12 пацієнтів з відомим і невідомим первинним діагнозом спостерігалися метастази в печінку. На основі останньої класифікації ВООЗ 5 пацієнтів були віднесені до NEC, а решта – до NET. Висновки. Нейроендокринні пухлини (NET) є рідкісними злоякісними новоутвореннями шлунково-кишкового тракту. Апендикс і шлунок уражалися найчастіше. NET 1 ступеня були найпоширенішим гістологічним типом. Імуногістохімічні маркери NSE, Synaptophysin і Chromogranin можуть бути використані в діагностиці NET