IL-12 Family Cytokines: General Characteristics, Pathogenic Microorganisms, Receptors, and Signalling Pathways

Among a wide range of cytokines, the Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family has its unique structural, functional, and immunological characteristics that have made this family as important immunological playmakers. Because of the importance of IL-12 heterodimeric cytokines in microbial infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers, the authors of this literature discuss about the general characteristics of IL-12 family members, the interactions between IL-12 cytokines and pathogenic microorganisms, the interleukins receptors and their strategies for selecting different signalling pathways. IL-12 and IL-23 are similar in p40 subunits and both are involved in proinflammatory responses while, IL-27 and IL-35 contribute to anti-inflammatory activities; however, IL-27 is also involved in pro-inflammatory responses. There are some similarities and dissimilarities among IL-12 family members which make them a unique bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems. The bioactivities of IL-12 family indicate a brilliant promise for their applications in different fields of medicine. The members of IL-12 family are candidate for several therapeutics including gene therapy, cancer therapy, tumour therapy, and vaccination. To have an accurate diagnostic technique and definite treatment regarding to infectious diseases, the playmakers of IL-12 family as effective criteria together with microarray technology are the best choices for current and future applications

Effects of oscillatory deformations on the coherent and incoherent quantum transport

Inspired by the works of [F. Caruso, New J. Phys. 16, 055015 (2014)] and [T. Scholak et al, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 184012 (2011)], which state that for a large class of complex noisy networks, the optimal efficiency of quantum transport is universally obtained by mixing coherent (Hamiltonian) and incoherent (noisy) parts where the contribution of the coherent part is strictly more than incoherent one, we examine the effect of oscillatory deformations on two simple prototypes in order to study their effects on the efficiency of coherent and incoherent energy transport. The prototypes are interchangeable to each other only by a simple phase modulation, such that the dynamics for the first type is only coherent, while for the second one the coherent evolution is completely suppressed and the evolution of the system is only incoherent (noisy). In this regard, it is shown that there exist a special deformation by which the efficiency of incoherent transport becomes better than the coherent one. This result suggests that in the noisy networks with collective harmonic motions, the optimality of transport can be occurred in such a way that the contribution of incoherent term is more than the coherent one.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure

Protection of entanglement for a two-qutrit V-type open system on the basis of system-reservoir bound states

In this work, a mechanism for long time protection of entanglement of a two-qutrit V-type atomic system each of which interacts independently with a dissipative reservoir is investigated. It is shown that the protection process is related exclusively on the formation of bound states in the system-reservoir energy spectrum. It is demonstrated that the degree of boundedness for the system-reservoir bound states is well-controlled by entering other V-type qutrits into the reservoirs, and also through the manipulation of the spontaneously generated interference related to decay channels of the V-type atoms.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Dephasing-assisted selective incoherent quantum transport

Selective energy transport throughout a quantum network connected to more than one reaction center can play an important role in many natural and technological considerations in photo-systems. In this work, we propose a method in which an excitation can be transported from the original site of the network to one of the reaction centers arbitrarily using independent sources of dephasing noises. We demonstrate a situation that in the absence of dephasing noises the coherent evolution of the system has no role in the energy transport in the network. Therefore, incoherent evolution via application of dephasing noises throughout a selected path of the network leads to transfer the excitation completely to a desired reaction center.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure